In the critical period of structural transformation and blueprint reshaping of China's territorial space, exploring the coupling relationship between territorial space resilience and efficiency is crucial for addressing the challenges of path dependence and inefficient utilization. Utilizing various spatial analysis methods, this study investigates the differential patterns, dynamic evolution, and transition mechanisms of the coupling relationship between resilience and efficiency in China's territorial space from a spatiotemporal interaction perspective. The results showed that: (1) During the study period, both resilience and efficiency of China's territorial space exhibited common regional differentiation characteristics consistent with the regional development diamond structure. Territorial space resilience showed path dependency, while territorial space efficiency exhibited fluctuating growth. (2) The evolutionary trajectory of the coupling relationship between territorial space resilience and efficiency of China was similar to that of the central region, exhibiting a trend of slow growth. The four major regions of China showed a gradient differentiation in the coupling of resilience and efficiency, ranked as Eastern China (0.832)>Central China (0.661)>Northeast China (0.623)>Western China (0.427). Compared to the northwestern provinces, the southeastern provinces of China demonstrated a stronger collaborative stance over a competitive one. (3) The spatiotemporal transition patterns of the coupling coordination level between resilience and efficiency in China's territorial space were based on the differences in driving/restraining mechanisms at high and low quantiles, collectively forming four types of transition modes: industry-economic driven, economic-industry-urbanization driven, government-technology-population constraint, and technology-government constraint. Moreover, these transition modes progressively displayed a concurrent constraint-reverse development-concurrent development ladder-like pattern from northwest to southeast China. Therefore, achieving high-quality development of territorial space requires balancing the growth of resilience and efficiency while considering the driving mechanisms of different transition modes during their coupling process. The study aims to achieve a synergistic optimization scheme that integrates both commonality and individuality.