In order to study the influence of vegetation pattern on slope soil erosion characteristics under different rainfall patterns in Pisha sandstone area, the erosion and sediment yield processes of uniform distribution, random distribution, aggregation distribution, and bare slope were studied by field runoff plot in-situ observation experiment. Combined with landscape ecology method, the pattern index of different vegetation patches was calculated, and the relationship between vegetation patch pattern and slope runoff and sediment yield was clarified. The results show that: (1) The rainfall in this area could be divided into three categories. According to the runoff and sediment yield capacity of each vegetation slope, the rainfall erosivity was as follows: rain type II (long duration, heavy rainfall, heavy rainfall intensity) ＞ rain type III (short duration, small rainfall, medium rainfall intensity) ＞ rain type I (medium duration, medium rainfall, small rainfall intensity). There was significant or extremely significant relationship between rainfall and the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity and runoff and sediment yield, and the correlation coefficient was more than 0.695, which was the main rainfall factor to predict soil and water loss in this area. (2) The soil and water conservation capacity of each slope was related to the type of rainfall. Under different rainfall patterns, the runoff and sediment reduction rates of the three vegetation slopes were more than 0.42% and 20.8%, respectively, and the sediment reduction benefits of different vegetation patterns were better than the runoff reduction benefits. The flow reduction capacity of the three vegetation slopes was: rain type I ＞ rain type III ＞ rain type II. (3) The runoff and sediment modulus of the three vegetation slopes from small to large was: uniform distribution ＜ aggregation distributionY₁) and patch separation index (SPLIT) and landscape shape index (LSI) was Y₁=8.247SPLIT-6.605LSI+38.928, R²: 0.905. The above results show that the smaller the separation between vegetation patches, the more complex the shape, the greater the slope resistance, and the stronger the erosion resistance. The research results can provide theoretical basis and data support for the optimization of vegetation patch pattern in the process of ecological restoration.