Analyzing the development and influencing factors of community resilience in the inland river basin against the background of ecological governance is crucial. In this study, we identified the evolution of community resilience in the Shiyang River Basin, analyzed the internal influencing variables and external ecological governance impacting paths of community resilience, and finally disclosed the influencing mechanism of community resilience. The results showed that:(1) The community resilience in Shiyang River Basin rapidly increased under ecological governance, and presented the significant temporal and spatial heterogeneity. The ecological dimension has been increasing slowly and the spatial pattern had high concentration and strong dominance. The economic and social dimensions developed rapidly, with obvious spatial and temporal heterogeneity. (2) Among the internal influencing variables of community resilience in the Shiyang River Basin, the economic dimension had the strongest influence, followed by the social dimension and the ecological dimension. (3) In terms of the externally ecological governance, the measures of converting farmland to forest, closing wells, and suppressing farmland limited the resilience of communities in three periods. The early implementation of the agricultural technology training also limited the improvement of community resilience, but its adverse effect faded in later periods. The influence of the combination of the multiple ecological governance factors showed the agricultural structure adjustment path and resource regulation path in 2000, followed by the agricultural structure adjustment path, domestic water resources regulation path, and ecological water resources regulation path in 2010, and the agricultural structure adjustment path, technical support path, and production water resource allocation path in 2020. In general, this paper provides ideas for the comprehensive study of the internal and external influencing factors of community resilience, and also provides practical reference for the future rural community resilience construction in the inland river basins.