Ecological stoichiometry is a significant method to study the element balance and evaluation of geochemical cycle. Defining the relation of plant community characteristics and the ecological stoichiometry characteristics of the soil and microbial under different landscape types is of great significance to reveal the species coexistence mechanism and vegetation ecological restoration of fragile ecosystem in debris flow beach. In this paper, four landscape types (fallow, barren beach, anhydrous gully, and water gully) were selected as research objects. Species composition, plant community characteristics, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and its ecological characteristics of soil and microbial biomass under different landscape types were analyzed. By means of diversity index, redundancy analysis and one-way ANOVA, the comparative analysis of plant community and soil factors was carried out to discuss the distribution law of vegetation in debris flow beach. The results showed that:(1) the species numbers of the four landscape types were barren beach > anhydrous gully > fallow > water gully. Margalef richness index showed the order of anhydrous gully > barren beach > fallow > water gully. Simpson dominance index showed that fallow > water gully > anhydrous gully > barren beach. The plant community density, average height, coverage and aboveground biomass of water gully were significantly higher than those of other landscape types. (2) Soil N and P contents in water gully were significantly higher than those in other landscape types. The C content of fallow soil was the lowest, significantly lower than that of other landscape soils. Soil C:N and C:P showed barren beach > anhydrous gully > water gully > fallow. There was no significant difference in soil N:P among the landscape types. (3) Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) showed as follows:anhydrous gully > barren beach > water gully > fallow. The soil MBC:microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and MBC:microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) of barren beach were significantly higher than those of gully landscape. MBN, MBP and MBN:MBP had no significant differences among different landscape types. (4) The correlations between plant and soil, microbial C, N, P contents and stoichiometric characteristics were different under different landscape types, indicating that nutrient flow and transformation between plant and soil had important effects on plant community characteristics. Soil C:N, MBP, N, MBC and P had significant effects on plant community characteristics. Simpson dominance index was positively correlated with soil P and MBP. There was a significantly positive correlation between plant community coverage and soil N, P and MBP, and a significantly negative correlation between plant community coverage and soil C:N, C:P and MBP. The aboveground biomass was positively correlated with soil N, P and MBP. There were significantly positive correlations between soil C content and MBC, MBN, MBC:MBN, soil C:P, MBN:MBP ratios, indicating that the changes of plant community, soil and microbial ecological stoichiometry in the fragile ecosystem of debris flow beach were mutually influenced.