Fire, a significant envrionmental factor in the terrestrial ecosystem, is closely related to climate, vegetation and human activity, and the evolution of paleofire has become one of the most striking issues of attention in global changes. Charcoal, an important index for exploring the activity of paleofire and artificial fire and their driving mechanisms, provides a new way to study the evolution of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. Research on charcoal in northeastern China is relatively weak, with only a few studies focusing on the Holocene, lacking longer-timescale sedimentary records. Therefore, based on the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), electron spin resonance (ESR) datings and transition ages of the deep-sea oxygen isotope stages, the study constructed the chronological framework of the loess in Harbin Huangshan section. Based on this, we selectively analyzed the charcoal and total organic carbon (TOC) from the loess-paleosol sequence to reconstruct the relationship between paleovegetation and paleoclimate in the eastern Songnen Plain since the middle and late Pleistocene, and to further explore the driving mechanism of paleofire. The results show that the amount of the round leaf charcoal is dominant for the Harbin loess deposits, and however, that of the long leaf charcoal is least, reflecting that the study area is mainly made up of woody charcoal. The grain size composition of the charcoals is characterized by the dominance of <30 μm fraction, with the least amount of >100 μm fraction, which reveals a regional paleofire event in this area. The variations in the total concentration of the charcoal (TCC), the round leaf charcoal (CRLC) and the long leaf charcoal (CLLC) in the loess-paleosol sequence are highly consistent. Additionally, the variations of the charcoal concentration in the loess-paleosol sequence are well consistent with those of the TOC. The charcoal concentration in the paleosol is high and gradually increases in weak paleosol layer, indicating that the increasing temperature and biomass lead to the enhanced paleofire activity and the paleofire activity is mainly controlled by biomass. Comparing with Rb/Sr ratio, global CO₂ concentration and deep-sea oxygen isotopic composition, it is found that the paleofire pattern is also limited by temperature conditions. Temperature plays an active role in plant growth and paleofire occurrence, i.e., temperature influences woody plants' growth, with higher temperature leading to more intensive evaporation and lower temperature leading to higher effective humidity, thus having an impact on paleofire occurrence and plant growth, which also indicates the complexity of interaction between paleofire, vegetation and climate.