Betula platyphylla is a pioneer species in the succession of natural secondary forest ecosystem and a typical ectomycorrhizal tree species. The ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity and community structure and their driving factors were studied using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that a total of 261 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected in the rhizosphere soil of Betula platyphylla, belonging to 2 phyla, 4 classes, 11 orders, 29 families, and 50 genera. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Basidiomycota fungi accounted for 93.5%; the rest were Ascomycota fungi, with the relative abundance of 6.5%. At the genus level, there were 16 dominant genera with relative abundance ≥ 1%. Among them, Russula (32.1%), Sebacina (19.9%) and Cortinarius (11.8%) had the highest relative abundance and were widely distributed, appearing in all samples. Redundancy analysis and SPSS were employed to analyze the driving factors of ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition. The pH, total nitrogen (TN), soil water content (SWC) and available potassium (AK) had very significant effect on the community composition. Among them, the pH has the highest variance explained of 34.3%, followed by TN, SWC and AK, with the variance explained of 25.1%, 16.8% and 5.4%, respectively. The results clarified the ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure and influencing factors of Betula platyphylla across climatic zones, and provided a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding and prediction of the impact of global climate change on forest ecosystems.