Climate change has a profound impact on the growth of forest trees, and the sensitivity of different tree species to climate change may influence the response of forest ecosystem under climate change. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the differences in the growth sensitivity among dominant tree species to climate change, to correctly understand the growth dynamics and distribution pattern of tree species stand under climate change. Based on the standard method of dendrochronology, we selected the tree-ring width index of four dominant tree species, including Larix sibirica, Pinus sibirica, Abies sibirica and Picea obovate on the Sayan Range of the Altai Mountains, Russian. We focused on the characteristics of standard chronologies and the relationships between the standard chronologies and the six climatic factors. The results showed that (1) there was a significantly positive correlation between radial growth of A. sibirica and PDSI from October to November of the previous year and from January to September of the current year, precipitation from February to April, and the mean and maximum temperature in January. Additionally, vapour pressure in April and June of the current year was positively correlated with radial growth. (2) The radial growth of L. Siberian was negatively correlated with the mean temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and vapour pressure in August of the current year, the mean temperature and maximum temperature in August of the previous year, and positively correlated with the minimum temperature in June. (3) The radial growth of P. sibirica was significantly and positively correlated with the precipitation in March and the minimum temperature in July, also the vapour pressure in last October. (4) The radial growth of P. obovate was positively correlated with the mean temperature, maximum temperature and mean vapor pressure in June, PDSI from October to November of previous year and from February to April and September of current year. Our findings showed that there were similar results of tree radial growth-climate factors between species. But there were differences between tree species that A. sibirica and P. obovate was sensitive to regional water, while L. Siberian and P. sibirica was mainly sensitive to regional temperature. The difference of the response of dominant tree species to climate change in this region may lead to the change of regional stand dynamics and pattern under climate change. Therefore, the research on radial growth-climate relationship of multiple tree species is helpful to correctly reflect the forest dynamics. The results of this study can provide theoretical basis for regional forest management and ecological protection.