Taking mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands as a life community is the guiding principle of the harmonious coexistence between human and nature, and is also an effective practical path for the sustainable development of mankind. According to the social-ecological system (SES) framework proposed by Ostrom, the source area of the Qiantang River in Zhejiang Province was used to construct a SES conceptual framework integrating watershed, land, and human activities. It provided a problem-oriented analysis strategy for ecological restoration projects. This study found that the SES framework of the ecological restoration project of "mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands" in the source area of the Qiantang River can be used to diagnose key problems, analyze influencing factors, set action scenarios, and evaluate results to form a complete implementation and problem-solving strategy. Based on key problems in the diagnosis, this region faced multiple problems, including frequent geological disasters, soil and water loss, environmental pollution, and single biological structures, while human activities such as urban expansion, excessive exploitation of natural resources, and pollutant discharge were the main factors causing an imbalance in the SES. By setting action scenarios, the influencing factors, solutions, evaluation criteria, expected results, and feedback mechanisms involved in the SES framework were sorted to comprehensively analyze the SES of the study area. According to the established evaluation system, the ecological restoration and environmental economic effects of the ecological restoration project were evaluated dynamically, and constantly revised based on the evaluation results to obtain the best expected results. This framework provided a systematic solution to solve the problems faced by the ecological restoration project "mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands" in the source area of the Qiantang River, and could be adjusted according to the characteristics of the study area. This is a SES analysis framework with strong applicability.