The occurrence of extreme climate events has changed the regional hydrothermal conditions and affected the changes of ecological environment. However, at present, the evolution of extreme climate and its impact on ecological environment are unclear. Therefore, the methods of Mann-Kendall test, continuous wavelet transform, and Hurst exponent were applied to analyze the change trend, abrupt time, periodicity and future evolution of extreme climate events in Yinjiang River basin. Then, the Lindeman-Merenda-Gold model was used to quantitatively evaluate the impacts of extreme climate events to ecological environment change. The results were obtained:(1) The extreme temperature events in the Yinjiang River basin increased significantly, and the rainfall also increased, showing a hot and rainy climate. In the future, the level of extreme temperature events will be higher and the intensity will be stronger; (2) The same type of extreme climate had a potential correlation, but the influence of different types of extreme climate was small, and most of them showed negative correlation; (3) The average net primary production (NPP) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the Yinjiang River basin showed an opposite trend from 2000 to 2015. The average NPP was 598.53 g C m^-2 a^-1 with the average reduction rate of -3.32 g C m^-2 a^-1 while the average NDVI value was 0.59 with an average growth rate of 0.0013/a; (4) The cold spell duration indicator(CSDI), diurnal temperature range (DTR), icing days defined by system threshold (ID6.4), and growing season length (GSL) contributed significantly to NPP, with contributions of 12.64%, 11.50%, 11.05%, and 7.4%, respectively. Among them, the CSDI, DTR, and GSL showed negative contribution to NPP changes, while ID6.4 showed positive contribution. Most extreme climate indices contributed less than 5% to the NPP changes. ID6.4 had the greatest impact on NDVI, followed by warm nights (TN90p), warm spell duration indicator (WSDI), and warm days (TX90p), with contribution rates of 13.67%, 13.54%, 12.95%, and 10.02%, respectively. On the whole, the study stressed that the hot and rainy climate in the Yinjiang River basin promoted the growth of NDVI during 2000-2015, but caused a significantly negative impact on the accumulation of NPP due to the increase of temperature and rainfall. The results can provide reference for climate prediction, water resources management and ecological environment restoration in a basin of karst trough valley.