The combination of specific environmental variables in an ecosystem corresponds to a specific species community structure. There are also differences in the distribution of macrobenthos and their biological characteristics. In this study, 22 sites in the Hunhe River basin were selected for investigation. The functional macrobenthic feeding groups were grouped together with biological traits analysis (BTA) to identify the habitat and adaptations of different functional feeding groups in the Hunhe River basin. The results showed that spatial differences between different functional feeding groups were significant. The predator group was mainly from the order Trichinoptera, the collector-gatherers were dominated by Diptera, and the scrapers were mainly Basommatophora. Most of the collector-filterers belonged to Tubificida. Canonical correspondence analysis results showed that the driving factor affecting the predator group was the flow rate, that for the collector-gatherers was the IOS index, that for the scrapers was dissolved oxygen, and that for the collector-filterers were dissolved oxygen and conductivity. The results of the BTA showed that the predator functional group had a layer of hard-shell protection, could move freely in water, and redistribute quickly in the small pebbles and cobblestones with fast flow velocity and complex sediments. The collector-gatherers had a thicker shell. Their chitinized heads and mouthparts meant that these organisms could not feed directly, and scavenged organic particles distributed mainly in the coarse sand and on round stones. Scrapers mostly fed on algae, fungi, etc. Their foot glands secrete mucus, by which they can adhere to shore or underwater sediments. These species are found in areas with slower flow rates, with mostly fine sandy bottoms and abundant food sources. Collector-filterers like to roost in silt, sucking mud or filtering organic debris. The type of sediment is mostly silt and fine sand.