Soil water storage is the primary factor affecting crop productivity in the Loess Plateau in western China. It is important to analyze soil water storage efficiency in the fallow period for utilizing water resources efficiently. In the present study, we collected data on soil water content and winter wheat production over multiple years from four agronomic observatory stations located in semi-arid and semi-humid areas. We also analyzed the effects of soil water storage and consumption in the fallow period on winter wheat water use efficiency and yield in different precipitation areas of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that:(1) in semi-humid and semi-arid areas, the average soil water storage and efficiency in the fallow period were 91 mm (30.7%) and 32 mm (16.5%) in 1 m depth, respectively, which were very different in different rainfall years. (2) The soil water storage in 1 m depth was trough type distribution from the soil thawed to frozen. The storage was mainly consumed in the fallow period and from standing to flowering in semi-humid areas and from over wintering to jointing in semi-arid areas. (3) Soil water storage in the fallow period of the Loess Plateau was consumed in 0-40 cm depth during the seeding period and was consumed in 1 m depth from over wintering to standing. In semi-humid areas, the storage was mainly consumed in 0-40 cm depth from standing to flowering and below 40 cm depth from flowering to maturity. In semi-arid areas, the storage was mainly consumed in 0-60 cm depth from standing to flowering and below 60 cm depth from flowering to maturity. (4) Soil water storage efficiency in the fallow period was significantly correlated with yield of winter wheat. In semi-humid areas, water use efficiency of winter wheat was higher than that in semi-arid areas. The difference of soil water storage in the fallow period in different climate regions of the Loess Plateau was due to uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and different soil water storage capacity by adjusting the modes of farming, water and fertilizer management, and planting structure to further increase winter wheat yield and water use efficiency.