According to the regional characteristics of the climates and vegetations of desert ecosystem, the typical plant Nitraria tangutorum Bobr was chosen as research materials, the stomata densities and morphological characteristics of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr leaves in different artificial simulation of rainfall treatment were studied. Lengths, widths and ratio of lengths to widths of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr leaves were measured with a motic digital Imaging Microscope and the changes in stomata densities were evaluated. The result showed that desert plant stomata characteristics determined stomata density of lower epidermis is greater than the upper epidermis, stomata density of both upper and lower epidermis variation to the rainfall enhancement response was no significant difference (P > 0.05). Upper and lower epidermis stomata density in all treatments and control had significant difference (P < 0.05). The same precipitation enhancement season, stomata density of 50% treatment was higher than 100% treatment; in different seasons, stomata density response of the later growing season was more obvious. Nitraria tangutorum Bobr leaves epidermis stomata distribution corresponded one cell spacing rule. Artificial simulation of rainfall made upper epidermis and lower epidermis stomata length and width are increased to varying degrees.Stomata configuration characteristics variation of 100% treatment were more obvious than 50% treatment, and the impact of water addition on Stomata configuration characteristics in the later growing season was greater.