生态学报  2015, Vol. 35 Issue (1): 142-149

文章信息

孟莹莹, 周莉, 周旺明, 于大炮, 包也, 王晓雨, 郭焱, 代力民
MENG Yingying, ZHOU Li, ZHOU Wangming, YU Dapao, BAO Ye, WANG Xiaoyu, GUO Yan, DAI Limin
长白山风倒区植被恢复26年后物种多样性变化特征
Characteristics of plant species diversity in a windthrow area on Changbai Mountain after 26 years of natural recovery
生态学报, 2015, 35(1): 142-149
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(1): 142-149
http://dx.doi.org/10.5846/stxb201405301109

文章历史

收稿日期:2014-05-30
修订日期:2014-11-06
长白山风倒区植被恢复26年后物种多样性变化特征
孟莹莹1, 2, 周莉1 , 周旺明1, 于大炮1, 包也1, 2, 王晓雨1, 2, 郭焱1, 2, 代力民1    
1. 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所, 沈阳 110016;
2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
摘要:20世纪80年代后期,长白山遭受了罕见的台风袭击,原始森林遭到了大面积破坏。为了弄清风倒区自然恢复26a后的植被恢复状况,通过调查和对比分析风倒区和相邻的原始林区(对照区)3种典型森林类型的物种多样性的特征,评估了风倒区植被的恢复状况。结果表明,与没有受到干扰的对照区相比,阔叶红松林风倒区乔木层物种丰富度和α多样性差异性不显著(P > 0.05),而云冷杉林和岳桦林风倒区的乔木层物种丰富度和α多样性显著降低;阔叶红松林风倒区的灌木层物种丰富度和α多样性均呈降低趋势,且丰富度差异性显著,云冷杉林和岳桦林风倒区的灌木层α多样性显著升高;阔叶红松林和云冷杉林风倒区的草本层α多样性显著降低,但岳桦林风倒区草本层α多样性变化不显著。阔叶红松林乔木层更新恢复的较好,灌木层和草本层更新较差;云冷杉林和岳桦林均是乔木层更新较差,灌木层更新较好;云冷杉林草本层物种较单一,岳桦林变化不大。经过风干扰后的长白山不同海拔森林物种组成和多样性还需要较长时间才能恢复到干扰前水平。
关键词物种多样性    自然恢复    风倒区    长白山自然保护区    东北    
Characteristics of plant species diversity in a windthrow area on Changbai Mountain after 26 years of natural recovery
MENG Yingying1, 2, ZHOU Li1 , ZHOU Wangming1, YU Dapao1, BAO Ye1, 2, WANG Xiaoyu1, 2, GUO Yan1, 2, DAI Limin1    
1. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Abstract:Biodiversity forms the foundation of a vast array of ecosystem services that critically contribute to human well-being and sustainable economic development. Plant diversity is a key component of biodiversity; moreover, it is an important indicator of the biodiversity status and complexity of plant community structure and function in a specific area. Plant species diversity is considered as the most directly and easily observable component of ecosystem diversity, and therefore, it has been extensively researched. Disturbance is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and is regarded as the most important factor that contributes to plant species diversity. Wind disturbance is one of the most common natural disturbances in forest ecosystems. In 1986, a hurricane swept away a large area of primary forest on Changbai Mountain and caused widespread devastation. In the present study, we examined natural restoration 26 years after this wind disaster, by using contrastive analysis of plant species diversity in three forest types in the windthrow area and the corresponding undisturbed primary forest area (control). In addition, we evaluated the characteristics of vegetation restoration in the windthrow area. We showed that the richness and α diversity of tree species in a broadleaved and Korean pine mixed forest (BKPF) in the windthrow area did not differ significantly from those in the control area; on the other hand, the richness and α diversity of tree species in a spruce-fir forest (SFF) and Erman's birch forest (EBF) were significantly lower in the windthrow area than in the control area. Additionally, in comparison with the control area, the windthrow area exhibited a significant compositional change in dominant tree species in the BKPF, but no significant compositional change in dominant tree species in the SFF or EBF. In the undisturbed primary BKPF, the dominant tree species were Pinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, and other precious hardwood tree species. On the other hand, in the corresponding windthrow area, the dominant tree species were Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla, which are the dominant tree species during the early-successional stage of BKPF. The dominant tree species in the SFF (in the undisturbed and windthrow areas) were Picea jezoensis and Abies nephrolepis, whereas the dominant tree species in the EBF (in the undisturbed and windthrow areas) was Betula ermanii. According to the species richness, Shannon diversity index, and Simpson dominance index, the tree species was BKPF > SFF > EBF. Hence, 26 years after the wind disaster, natural restoration was fastest in the BKPF and slowest in the EBF; the SFF showed an intermediate rate of natural restoration. For shrubs in the BKPF, the species richness and α diversity were lower in the windthrow area than in the control area; however, the difference was significant only for species richness. On the other hand, for shrubs in the SFF and EBF, the α diversity was significantly higher in the windthrow area than in the control area. For herbs in the BKPF and SFF, the α diversity was significantly lower in the windthrow area than in the control; on the other hand, for herbs in the EBF, the α diversity did not differ significantly between the windthrow area and the control area. Our results indicate that when species compositions in the undisturbed primary forest were used as a reference, tree species in the BKPF recovered well in the windthrow area, whereas shrubs and herbs showed low recovery rates. Tree species in the SFF and EBF showed low recovery rates in the windthrow area, whereas shrubs and herbs recovered well. Interestingly, a single species was dominant in the herb layer of the SFF, and the dominant species in the herb layer of the EBF did not differ significantly from those of the undisturbed primary forest. Our findings suggest that natural recovery of forest in the windthrow area is incomplete and that full recovery will require a prolonged period.
Key words: species diversity    natural recovery    windthrow area    Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve    Northeast China    

生物多样性是人类赖以生存的条件,也是经济得以持续发展的基础[1]。物种多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分,是衡量某一地区生物多样性状况和一个群落结构和功能复杂性的重要指标之一[2]。植物群落物种多样性作为生态系统多样性最直接和最易于观察研究的一个层次,一直受到专家学者的重视[3]。物种多样性受许多因素的影响[4, 5, 6, 7, 8],而干扰被广泛地认为是影响物种多样性的主要因素之一[9]。风干扰是森林生态系统自然干扰中较常见的一种[10],通过研究风干扰对植物多样性的影响,不仅可以全面评价生态系统植被恢复程度,而且有利于促进干扰后生态系统的更新恢复。因此,研究风倒区植物多样性特征具有重要的意义。

长白山位于吉林省的东部,是我国东北地区海拔最高的山脉。20世纪80年代,长白山西坡和西南坡遭受了罕见的台风袭击,使得保护区植被遭到极大破坏。经过近30a的自然恢复,与原始植被群落相比,其风倒区的植被群落类型发生了变化。但以往有关长白山风干扰后植被恢复多样性的研究多是针对乔木层物种多样性变化[11],而系统开展植被恢复过程中乔木层、灌木层和草本层的植被多样性变化研究还较少。因此,本文通过对长白山自然保护区风灾迹地3种典型森林类型的乔木、灌木和草本恢复群落的多样性进行全面的调查研究,旨在揭示长白山风灾迹地植被群落恢复状况,认清群落的结构、类型及群落的演替趋势,以期为风灾迹地的植被恢复和受损生态系统的恢复提供理论根据。

1 研究区域

长白山自然保护区风灾区位于北纬41°52′ 40″—42°01′10″,东经 127°53′37″—128°02′00″,南北长为15.75km,东西宽为11.75km,形成从海拔 1050—1700m的阔叶红松林、云冷杉林至岳桦林的风倒带[12]。3个林带的土壤分别为暗棕色森林土、棕色针叶林土和亚高山草甸土[13]。年平均气温3.3℃,最热月平均气温19.3℃,最冷月平均气温为-16.2℃,年降水量800mm,生长季(5—9月)降水量616mm,占全年降水量的76.9%[14]。风灾区内光照强度增大,晴天比林内高100—200lx;风灾区内温差增大,晴天比林内气温高1—2℃,阴天比林内气温约低1℃[12]

2 研究方法 2.1 植被调查

2012年9月对长白山西坡风倒区进行植被调查,采用典型的群落取样方法[15, 16],按照海拔由低到高分别调查了3种典型的森林类型(阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林)的乔木、灌木和草本群落(表 1),并选择立地条件基本一致的未受风干扰影响的样地作为对照。共调查样地22块(风倒区与对照区各11块),其中阔叶红松林和云冷杉林风倒区与对照区各4块,岳桦林风倒区与对照区各3块。调查面积乔木样方为30m×30m,灌木样方为5m×5m;草本样方为1m×1m。将每块乔木样方划分成9个10m×10m的小样方进行调查,在每块乔木样方内,按对角线设置3—5块灌木和草本样方。调查项目主要包括:乔木树种的胸径和树高;灌木和草本植物的高度、盖度和株数;同时记录各样方的经纬度、海拔、坡度、坡向和坡位。样地基本概况见表 1

表1 样地基本概况 Table 1 Basic situation of the sample plots
森林类型 Forest Types海拔 Altitude/m干扰类型 Disturbance types物种种类Species 主要植被类型Main Vegetation Type
乔木层灌木层草本层 乔木层 Tree layer灌木层 Shrub layer草本层 Herb layer
阔叶红松林1100—1300对照区21920臭冷杉Abies nephrolepis刺五加Acanthopanax senticosus山茄子Scopolia acutangula
BKPF红松Pinus koraiensis小楷槭Acer tschonoskii美汉草Meehania uriticifolia
紫椴Tilia amurensis花楷槭Acer ukurunduense三花拉拉藤Galium triflorum Michx.
蒙古栎Quercus mongolica黄花忍冬Lonicera chrysantha东北羊角芹AegopodiumsalpestreLedeb
风倒区241131白桦B.platyphylla花楷槭Acer ukurunduense二叶舞鹤草Maianthemum bifolium
落叶松Larix olgensis狗枣猕猴桃Actinidia kolomikta山酢浆草Oxalis acetosella
臭冷杉Abies nephrolepis青楷槭Acer tegmentosum卵果蕨Phegopteris polypodioides
山杨Populus davidiana
云冷杉林1300—1500对照区12917臭冷杉Abies nephrolepis笃斯越橘Vaccinium uliginosum小叶章Calamagrostis angustifolia
SFF落叶松Larix olgensis蓝靛果忍冬Lonicera edulis二叶舞鹤草Maianthemum bifolium
鱼鳞云杉Picea jezoensis东北羊角芹AegopodiumsalpestreLedeb
风倒区5425臭冷杉Abies nephrolepis库页悬钩子Rubus matsumuranus小叶章Calamagrostis angustifolia
岳桦Betula ermanii深山蔷薇Rosa marretii
鱼鳞云杉Picea jezoensis蓝靛果忍冬Lonicera edulis
岳桦林1500—1700对照区1210岳桦Betula ermanii蓝靛果忍冬Lonicera edulis小叶章Calamagrostis angustifolia
EBF 落叶松Larix olgensis库页悬钩子Rubus matsumuranus贝加尔野豌豆 baicalensis (Turcz.)B Fedtsch
风倒区4529岳桦Betula ermanii笃斯越橘Vaccinium uliginosum小叶章Calamagrostis angustifolia
蓝靛果忍冬Lonicera edulis
库页悬钩子Rubus matsumuranus
金老梅Potentilla fruticosa
2.2 多样性的测定

物种多样性指标的测定方法参考马克平等[17]、郝占庆等[18]

Patrick物种丰富度指数:

R=S

Shannon-Wiener多样性指数:

Simpson 优势度指数:

Pielou均匀度指数:

E=H/lnS

式中,S为物种数,Pi为第i个种的个体数占所有种株数的比例。

重要值的计算:

乔木树种的重要值=(相对多度+相对显著度+相对频度)/3

灌木树种的重要值=(相对多度+相对显著度+相对频度)/3

草本物种的重要值=(相对多度+相对频度+相对盖度)/3

2.3 数据统计与分析

用Excel 2007和SPSS16.0软件分别进行数据处理和统计分析,采用t检验法检验两个变量之间的差异显著性(α=0.05),origin8.5软件绘图。

3 结果与分析 3.1 长白山风倒区3种主要森林类型乔木树种多样性恢复特征

通过对比风倒区和对照区主要树种重要值可知,风倒区恢复近30a,原阔叶红松林风倒迹地已发展成以白桦和山杨为主的杨桦次生林(表 2);相对于对照区而言,云冷杉林风倒区树种组成比较简单,只有6种树(表 3);而对照区中岳桦树种重要值是100,表明对照区是岳桦纯林,风倒区中乔木有4种,说明风倒区乔木群落组成较对照区复杂(表 4)。

表2 阔叶红松林对照区与风倒区重要值排在前10位的树种及其重要值 Table 2 The top 10 tree species and their important values of broad-leaved Korean pine forest in its control area and windthrow area
阔叶红松林对照区 Control area of BKPF 阔叶红松林风倒区 Windthrow area of BKPF
树种 Tree species重要值 Importance value 树种重要值
假色槭16.51±8.92白桦25.29±9.23
红松14.68±5.54山杨22.64±12.65
鱼鳞云杉9.91±4.11色木槭12.01±0.74
紫椴9.24±1.65小叶杨9.43±4.13
蒙古栎8.82±5.24臭冷杉8.17±2.90
簇毛槭8.72±4.13青楷槭6.83±2.62
臭冷杉5.13±4.44大叶杨6.55±2.27
色木槭5.10±2.52稠李子4.98±3.04
花楷槭4.56±0.99紫椴3.62±2.25
青楷槭4.28±3.83枫桦3.45±1.21
表3 云冷杉林对照区与风倒区重要值排在前10位的树种及其重要值 Table 3 The top 10 tree species and their important values of spruce-fir forest in its control area and windthrow area
云冷杉林对照区 Control Area of SFF 云冷杉林风倒区 Windthrow Area of SFF
树种重要值 树种重要值
鱼鳞云杉38.78±12.00鱼鳞云杉55.93±4.70
臭松19.54±1.40臭松24.28±8.74
色木14.28±5.19落叶松9.37±5.46
岳桦12.47±7.00岳桦5.91±4.23
红松6.24±5.52枫桦3.34±2.78
水曲柳3.42±1.35白桦1.17±1.03
白桦2.32±1.03
小叶杨1.09±0.49
杨树1.05±0.61
枫桦0.62±0.08
表4 岳桦林对照区与风倒区的树种及其重要值 Table 4 The main tree species and their important values of Erman′s birch forest in its control area and windthrow area
岳桦林对照区 Control Area of EBF 岳桦林风倒区 Windthrow Area of EBF
树种重要值 树种重要值
岳桦100±0.00岳桦55.39±13.30
落叶松39.18±8.35
白桦3.48±1.03
臭松1.95±0.38

比较长白山风倒区与对照区3种主要林型乔木树种多样性指数(图 1),云冷杉林对照区的物种丰富度显著高于风倒区,而阔叶红松林和岳桦林对照区的物种丰富度均小于风倒区,但差异不显著。阔叶红松林对照区与风倒区之间,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数差异均不显著。而云冷杉林对照区的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数均显著高于风倒区,Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著;岳桦林对照区的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于风倒区。随着海拔的升高,对照区和风倒区乔木物种丰富度和α多样性均呈逐渐降低的趋势。

图 1 3种林型对照区与风倒区乔木树种物种丰富度和α多样性指数对比 Fig. 1 The contrast of species richness and α diversity index of tree layer in windthrow area and control area of three forest types
3.2 长白山风倒区3种主要森林类型中灌木群落多样性恢复特征

阔叶红松林对照区灌木群落物种丰富度显著高于风倒区,岳桦林对照区灌木群落物种丰富度显著低于风倒区,云冷杉林差异不显著。阔叶红松林灌木群落α多样性对照区与风倒区之间差异均不显著;云冷杉林灌木群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数对照区均显著低于风倒区;岳桦林灌木群落只有Shannon-Wiener多样性指数是对照区显著低于风倒区,其它两指标差异不显著(图 2)。

图 2 3种林型对照区与风倒区灌木物种丰富度和α多样性指数对比 Fig. 2 The contrast of species richness and α diversity index of shrub layer in windthrow area and control area of three forest types
3.3 长白山风倒区3种主要森林类型中草本群落多样性恢复特征

3种林型中草本群落对照区与风倒区之间物种丰富度均没有显著差异。阔叶红松林中草本群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均是对照区显著高于风倒区;云冷杉林中草本群落对照区与风倒区之间α多样性差异不显著;岳桦林中草本群落只有Simpson优势度指数对照区显著高于风倒区(图 3)。

图 3 3种林型对照区与风倒区草本植物物种丰富度和α多样性指数对比 Fig. 3 The contrast of species richness and α diversity index of herb layer in windthrow area and control area of three forest types
4 讨论

干扰是生态系统多样性改变的重要原因[19],干扰自身只能减少或维持群落的物种多样性而不能增加群落的物种多样性[20]。本研究中风干扰后,其乔木层的物种丰富度和α多样性均没有显著变化,但优势树种的组成有极大的不同:对照区阔叶红松林以红松、紫椴等珍贵硬木为主,风倒区阔叶红松林以阳性树种白桦、山杨为主。有研究表明,皆伐后阔叶红松林的演替过程为:白桦作为先锋树种首先占据主要位置,然后被阔叶树种群取代,最后将达到以红松为主要树种的顶级群落[21],本研究表明风干扰26年后阔叶红松林风灾迹地目前属于演替的第一阶段,要演替到干扰前的状态仍需较长时间。云冷杉林和岳桦林风灾迹地乔木层的物种丰富度和α多样性指数均降低,且更新演替较差,更新树种类数量较少,但与对照区的树种组成差别不大,云冷杉林对照区与风倒区均是以鱼鳞云杉、臭松等针叶树种和阔叶树岳桦为主,岳桦林风倒区则形成以散生于杂草丛中的岳桦单优种群。乔木层物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和 Simpson优势度指数的排序结果为:阔叶红松林>云冷杉林>岳桦林,表明干扰26年后,就乔木层而言,阔叶红松林更新最快,云冷杉林其次,岳桦林演替最慢。云冷杉林和岳桦林乔木层物种多样性较灾前显著降低,要想演替到灾前水平需要更长时间或有效的人为措施促进植被恢复。

风干扰后,阔叶红松林风灾迹地灌木层物种丰富度和α多样性均降低;云冷杉林风灾迹地灌木层物种丰富度降低了,α多样性升高了;岳桦林风灾迹地灌木层二者均升高了。灌木层Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和 Simpson优势度指数的排序结果为:云冷杉林>岳桦林>阔叶红松林。阔叶红松林风灾迹地草本层Simpson指数和均匀度指数显著降低;云冷杉林草本层丰富度和物种多样性均降低了,且除了物种丰富度外差异均达到显著水平;岳桦林物种丰富度和α多样性指数没有显著变化。干扰后灌木层和草本层多样性的这种变化,主要是由于阔叶红松林风灾迹地乔木群落更新较好,森林郁闭度较大,林下光照较差,抑制林下灌木和草本植被的生长;而云冷杉林风干扰后更新较差,郁闭度较小,为灌木和草本植被的生长提供了充足的阳光,但是由于小叶章具有紧密丛生的特点,使其具有竞争优势,不利于其它草本植物的生长,导致云冷杉林风灾迹地草本植被以小叶章为主,多样性较低。岳桦林受灾程度与云冷杉林相近,但是由于岳桦林所处的高海拔地区,物种多样性本来就较低[22],所以风倒后差异不显著。

当一个群落演替到顶级阶段时,其构成群落的种类之间往往达到某种协调[23],风倒区植被恢复26a后,物种组成和多样性与对照区还存在较大差异,26a相对于漫长的森林演替过程还只能说是森林演替的初期阶段,全面揭示从风干扰后开始的次生林恢复演替到地带性顶级群落的整个恢复过程中物种多样性的变化规律还有待进一步深入研究。

5 结论

风干扰后经过26a的自然恢复,与对照区相比,阔叶红松林风倒区乔木层物种丰富度和α多样性差异已不显著,然而云冷杉林和岳桦林均显著降低;阔叶红松林灌木层物种丰富度和α多样性均呈降低趋势,且丰富度显著降低,云冷杉林和岳桦林α多样性显著升高;阔叶红松林和云冷杉林草本层α多样性显著降低,岳桦林差异不显著。表明阔叶红松林乔木层更新恢复的最好,灌木层和草本层更新较差;云冷杉林和岳桦林均是乔木层更新较差,灌木层更新较好;但是云冷杉林草本层物种较单一,岳桦林变化不大。

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