Peatlands represent key biodiversity hotspot areas and terrestrial carbon reservoirs, and their ecological resilience has become a research frontier in peatland science. This paper outlines the definition and connotation of ecological resilience, methods for detecting resilience changes and regime shifts, the relationship between peatland autogenic processes and resilience; it focuses on the responses and mechanisms of peatland resilience to climate change and human activities. Current limitations are identified, including false positives in statistically based regime shift detection, a lack of universal quantification methods, and insufficient precision in identifying critical ecological thresholds. Future research should refine existing methods, integrate ecological theories with resilience studies, and explore pathways to enhance resilience, thereby supporting scientific assessment of peatland resilience and contributing to China’s ecological civilization construction.