Clarifying the relationship between ecosystem services and rural residents' well-being is of great significance for rural revitalization and regional sustainable development. This study took Yutian County at the northern foot of the Kunlun Mountains as the research area. Based on 986 questionnaire data on ecosystem services and rural residents' well-being, structural equation modeling was used to reveal the differences in the impact of ecosystem services in high-mountain, oasis, and desert regions on rural residents' well-being. The results indicate that: (1) Rural residents in high mountain and desert regions heavily rely on natural resources and place greater importance on provisioning and regulating services. In contrast, rural residents in oasis regions perceive the importance of ecosystem services to be lower than those in high mountain and desert regions. Significant differences exist in the perceived importance of provisioning, regulating, and cultural services across regions, but perceptions of supporting services are relatively consistent, with supporting services being crucial to local agricultural production. (2) Rural residents in all landscape types report the highest subjective well-being in the dimension of basic material needs. Residents in high mountain and desert regions have higher subjective well-being in the dimensions of security, freedom, and choice compared to those in oasis regions. Policy support and economic diversification are key factors contributing to the higher subjective well-being of rural residents in high mountain and desert areas, while factors such as the reliance on a single agricultural economy, lack of stable income sources, and weak policy support limit the well-being of rural residents in oasis regions. (3) The impact of different landscape ecosystem services on the subjective well-being of rural residents varies. Regulating and cultural services are most crucial for the well-being of rural residents in high mountain and desert regions, while provisioning services are the most important for the well-being of rural residents in oasis regions. Clarifying how ecosystem services in different landscape types affect the subjective well-being of local residents provides a decision-making reference for improving the well-being of residents in ecologically vulnerable areas.