Since the implementation of Grain for Green project in the Loess Plateau, the ecological environment has been improved significantly, and the soil organic carbon content (SOC) has dramatically changed. In order to scientifically evaluate the soil carbon sequestration benefits from vegetation restoration, this study applied the paired experiments that simultaneously contained experimental group and control group to develop the SOC database. Subsequently, taking farmland as the control plot, a meta-analysis was conducted by selecting forestland, shrubland and grassland as research objects, to explore the relationships between different vegetation types, climatic conditions, topographic factors, soil depth, soil bulk density, and soil organic carbon content. The results showed that the SOC, in general, first gradually decreased and then increased slightly as the soil depth increased within the three vegetation types. Average annual temperature, soil bulk density, altitude and vegetation growth years were significantly correlated with SOC. Meanwhile, among different vegetation types, the overall profile SOC was sequenced as shrubland>forestland>grassland. In addition, the structural equation model showed that soil bulk density was a positive controlling factor for SOC sequestration in the forestland. Slope generated the strongest negative effect on shrub SOC. Average annual temperature and growth years played negative and positive effects on SOC in grassland, respectively. In conclusion, the vegetation restoration project could significantly increase SOC content, and the effects of geographical factors on SOC were varied by different vegetation types. The results are of important scientific significance for comprehensively illustrating the effect of vegetation restoration on SOC and also provide data support for improving the quality and efficiency of regional vegetation restoration.