Habitats play an essential role in maintaining biodiversity and sustaining ecological processes in ecosystem. In recent years, ecological restoration projects have improved habitat quality and altered ecosystem structures across China. Systematically analyzing the patterns of habitat quality change is crucial for enhancing ecosystem services and protecting biodiversity. The condition and variability of vegetation productivity directly influence habitat heterogeneity, thus shaping ecological dynamics and diversity patterns. In this study, the Dynamic Habitat Indices (DHIs) are derived from time-series data of satellite remote sensing to evaluate habitat productivity and biodiversity, consisting of available energy, environmental stability, and environmental stress. To clarify the productivity status and dynamic trends of terrestrial habitats over the past decade in mainland China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan), we systematically calculated cumulative DHI (DHI_cum), variation DHI (DHI_var), and minimum DHI (DHI_min) using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. Based on time-series analysis methods, this study examined the spatiotemporal variations of DHIs from 2010 to 2023, revealing the overall patterns and differences in DHIs across various ecosystems. Overall, DHIs demonstrate distinct yet complementary significance in ecological environment quality monitoring and biodiversity management and assessment. The results indicated that: (1) Spatially, cumulative productivity decreased gradually, and environmental pressure increased from southeast coastal regions to northwest inland areas; environmental stability was higher in the southeast coastal regions compared to the northwest inland regions. (2) Over the 14-year period, vegetation productivity improved in more than 50% of vegetated areas, with significant improvements mainly distributed in the Greater and Lesser Khingan Mountains, Sichuan Basin, and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. (3) Approximately one-third of the regions experienced productivity degradation driven by intensified arid climatic conditions and increased human activity, prominently in northern Greater Khingan Mountains, the central Tibetan Plateau, and the Dongting Lake Basin. Specifically, areas such as the Dongting Lake Basin have been significantly influenced by changes in land-use types. Changes in habitat productivity closely related to climate conditions and ecological restoration projects. Major ecological initiatives, such as afforestation and desertification mitigation projects, have substantially contributed to enhanced productivity, whereas urbanization processes, including urban expansion, have constrained productivity within affected areas. DHIs generally indicated a trend of increased available energy, improved environmental stability, and reduced environmental pressure. Forest ecosystems, despite notable improvements in environmental stability and reduced pressure, showed slightly higher degradation in cumulative productivity. DHI trends across various ecosystems exhibited distinct spatial heterogeneity. The findings offer scientific references for ecological conservation strategies as well as biodiversity monitoring and assessment initiatives across China.