The transition to low-carbon energy technologies is reshaping the development paradigm of human civilization. Accelerating the deployment of renewable energy has become the mainstream strategy worldwide to address challenges related to energy resources and environmental sustainability, and to gain a competitive edge in the new round of energy revolution. Using kernel density analysis, spatial econometric modeling, and other methods, this study takes photovoltaic and wind power industry as an example, and uses the data of enterprises in each link of the photovoltaic and wind power industry chain from 2000 to 2024 to analyze the main factors affecting the development of China's new energy industry on the basis of revealing its spatial pattern. The results showed that: ①The photovoltaic and wind power industry presents significant policy-driven cycle evolution characteristics, its development trajectory and the institutional supply of key policy nodes form a dynamic coupling relationship, and the trend from subsidy policy dominated to competitive market driven is gradually clear. ②From the point of view of spatial organization pattern, the enterprises in each link of the photovoltaic and wind power industry chain during the study period showed significant agglomeration distribution characteristics. The spatial distribution pattern of technical service enterprises presents the characteristics of spreading from Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta “three cores” to the “surface” and from the coast to the interior; industrial equipment R&D and manufacturing is dominated by the Yangtze River Delta, the Bohai Rim and the Pearl River Delta region; Power supply and power generation enterprises have obvious market attributes, the emergence of the “three northern regions” to the eastern and central regions of the trend of transfer. ③The development of photovoltaic and wind power industry is the result of multiple factors, different links in the industry chain enterprises for the layout of the location of the choice is significantly different. This study, from a full-industry-chain perspective, reveals the spatial differentiation patterns of the new energy industry, providing a scientific basis for optimizing regional industrial layout and formulating differentiated policies. It offers important reference value for promoting China's energy structure transition and achieving the "dual carbon" goals.