Amphibians are facing severe threats globally, and systematically identifying high-risk taxa and their spatial distribution characteristics is key to developing effective conservation strategies. Based on species distribution and threat status data of amphibians in China, and incorporating the potential extinction risks of data deficient species, this study used threatened species richness, threatened species percentage, and rarity-weighted richness (RWR) to characterize the spatial patterns of amphibian extinction risk. Species classification information was further integrated to analyze taxonomic compositional and regional differences among amphibian groups. The results showed that Caudata had significantly higher extinction risk and narrower geographic ranges than Anura. Cryptobranchidae, Hynobiidae, Salamandridae, and Megophryidae were identified as the most threatened amphibian families. The extinction risk at the family level was associated with phylogenetic characteristics, with more recently diverged families exhibiting higher threatened species percentage. A total of 44 threatened amphibians were identified as range-restricted species, characterized by high endemism. Threatened species richness, threatened species percentage, and RWR showed distinct spatial patterns. Among them, RWR revealed additional regions of localized endemism that might be overlooked by species richness. Southern Sichuan, central Yunnan, and Hainan were identified as overlapping high-value areas across all three indicators. Threatened species from different families are distributed in different geographic regions. These findings provide a scientific basis for identifying conservation priority areas and selecting key species for biodiversity conservation at the national scale.