The Taihang Mountain represented an important mountain range in eastern China and one of the country's 35 priority biodiversity conservation areas. This study analyzed spatial patterns of forest community diversity across the Taihang Mountain using 309 forest plots and nine indices encompassing species, phylogenetic and functional diversity. The results showed that the altitude patterns of forest communities in Taihang Mountain showed significant diversity. Species richness index (R), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and functional richness (FRic) increased significantly with elevation, whereas latitudinal trends remained indistinct. Further correlation analysis revealed highly significant positive relationships among the three multidimensional indices (R, PD, and FRic), indicating that communities exhibited both phylogenetic conservatism and enhanced resource utilization through functional trait diversification. The key factors influencing the three-dimensional diversity of the community were primarily altitude (ALT) and mean annual temperature (BIO1), with slope position (SLOP) and precipitation of the wettest month (BIO13) emerging as additional significant drivers. This study provided theoretical insights into the assembly mechanisms governing composition-structure-function relationships in Taihang Mountain forest communities, while offering a scientific basis for optimizing and regulating community configurations.