To explore the changes in net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation in the Qinba Mountain Area and its response to extreme climate, this study, based on MODIS NPP data from 2001 to 2020 and daily observation data from 128 meteorological stations in and around the Qinba Mountains, comprehensively employed trend analysis, partial correlation analysis, Mann-Kendall test, and geographical detector methods to systematically reveal the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of NPP in the Qinba Mountains and its response mechanism to 19 extreme climate indices. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) The spatial pattern of vegetation NPP showed significant spatial heterogeneity, characterized by a distribution of high in the south and low in the north, and low in the east and west while high in the middle. The average annual NPP value of the study area was 587.62 g C/m², and it significantly increased at a rate of 5.1261 g C m^-2 a^-1 from 2001 to 2020 (P<0.05). (2) Extreme precipitation events showed spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics, with the intensity of extreme precipitation increasing in the eastern of the Qinba Mountains, weakening in intensity but increasing in frequency in the southwest. Meanwhile, the regional warming rate was significantly higher than the cooling rate, indicating a clear trend of climate warming and drying. (3) Vegetation NPP was negatively correlated with extreme precipitation index and extreme temperature index (P<0.05), and the negative correlation between annual total precipitation (PRCPTOT), longest consecutive drought days (CDD) and frost days (FD) was the most significant. (4) Extreme temperature events had a stronger driving effect on the spatial differentiation of NPP than precipitation events. The interaction effect of extreme climate factors on NPP was significantly higher than that of single factor, and the interaction between frost days (FD) and the longest consecutive drought days (CDD) (q=0.89) had a dominant impact on the spatial differentiation of regional vegetation NPP. (5) The sensitivity of vegetation NPP to climate change in forest ecosystems (q=0.90) was significantly higher than that of farmland (q=0.79) and grassland (q=0.77). The sensitivity of NPP to climate change in cambisol (q=0.81) was significantly higher than that of luvisol (q=0.72) and alisol (q=0.53).This study revealed the response mechanism of vegetation NPP to extreme climate in the Qinba Mountains, provided scientific support for the construction of regional ecological security pattern and the improvement of climate resilience, and provided a scientific basis for the protection and restoration of ecosystems in the Qinba Mountains and the formulation of measures to deal with extreme climate events under global climate change.