Species dispersal influences the spatial structure of ecological communities, ultimately shaping species distribution patterns. In this study, spatial factors were considered, and three species were used as examples to construct a mathematical model of spatial community dynamics to study the influence of different dispersal patterns of species on species coexistence. We also assessed the impacts of varying colonization rates under different dispersal patterns on each species within an omnivorous food web. The results of the model showed that: (1) In a landscape characterized by habitat fragmentation and loss, an increase in the dispersal range of species expanded an expansion of the coexistence area of the food web. (2) Species dispersal patterns differed from species to species, and the magnitude of this effect depended primarily on the trophic level of each species in the food web. (3) Changes in dispersal pattern could either promote or inhibit species coexistence, with specific outcomes depending on the nature and intensity of the dispersal shift. (4) When all species exhibited global dispersal patterns, only habitat loss negatively affected all three species, while habitat fragmentation had no significant impact. This study offered theoretical insights that elucidate the effects of species dispersal on species distribution.