An in-depth analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation and its response mechanisms to both natural and human activities is crucial for regional vegetation restoration and ecological protection. Used kNDVI data from 2001 to 2022 obtained via the GEE platform, along with annual and monthly temperature and precipitation data from the National Earth System Science Data Center. It employed gravity center migration, the Sen-Mann-Kendall trend test, correlation analysis, residual analysis, the Hurst index, and the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to explore vegetation responses on the Loess Plateau to climate change and human activities, and to predict future trends. The results showed that: (1) The gravity center migration model revealed an overall northeastward shift in kNDVI on the Loess Plateau. (2) Correlation analysis revealed that precipitation has a greater effect on kNDVI than temperature. (3) Residual analysis quantified the contributions of climate change and human activities, with human activities contributing as much as 75.6%, indicating that they are the dominant factor influencing the kNDVI on the Loess Plateau. (4) The Hurst index and LSTM model were used to predict future kNDVI trends, and the results suggested that the kNDVI of the Loess Plateau is expected to show a positive growth trend. The findings offered valuable scientific support for ecological protection, development planning, and the implementation of ecological engineering projects in the Loess Plateau region.