Land use data is a crucial basis for soil erosion assessment. Most existing studies rely on a single land use data source for soil erosion evaluation, neglecting the impact of uncertainty during the interpretation of land use data on the results of the assessment. The ecological functional areas for soil and water conservation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area were chosen as the study regions. The terrain, soil, precipitation, and vegetation data were collected, combined with three high-resolution land use products (CNLUCC 、CLCD、GLC_FCS)to analyze the spatio-temporal variations of soil erosion from 1990 to 2020 based on the China Soil Loss Equation (CSLE). In addition, the influence of land use data on soil erosion assessment results was also evaluated. The findings indicated that land use changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir area primarily involved a reduction in cultivated land, with increases in forest land, water area, and constructed land from 1990 to 2020. Significant discrepancies exist in the land use changes detected by different land use products. During the study period, the average values of the rainfall erosion intensity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), slope length factor (L), slope factor (S), vegetation cover and biological measures factor (B), engineering measures factor (E), and tillage measures factor (T) were 3676 MJ mm hm^-2 h^-1 a^-1, 0.02 t hm² h hm^-2 MJ^-1 mm^-1, 20.36, 20.59, 0.42-0.46, 0.69-0.70, and 0.77-0.79, respectively, with an upward trend observed for the R, E, and T factors. The annual average soil erosion modulus (SEM) for the Three Gorges Reservoir area was approximately 50.75-58.88 t hm^-2 a^-1, showing a temporal variation pattern of "increase-decrease-rebound" and a spatial distribution feature of "high in the central region (maximum value 1178-3294 t hm^-2 a^-1), low at the two ends". Soil erosion primarily consists of very low, low, and moderate erosion, accounting for approximately 71%-72% of the reservoir area. Notably, around 9%-11% of the area in the Three Gorges Reservoir remains in a state of severe erosion, with cultivated land being the primary source of soil erosion. Significant differences (P<0.05) may exist between soil erosion factors obtained from different land use products, leading to substantial variations (P<0.05) in SEM estimations and inducing uncertainties in identifying high-risk soil erosion areas. Improving the interpretation accuracy of cultivated and grass land on sloping areas can effectively reduce uncertainty in soil erosion assessment results. In the context of global climate change, effective soil and water conservation measures should be implemented in high-risk soil erosion areas, such as the central and central tail regions of the reservoir, to reduce soil erosion risks. These results can provide theoretical support for the sustainable ecological development of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.