The rhizosheath, a self-assembled rhizospheric microstructure ubiquitously observed in angiosperms, represents a critical ecophysiological interface mediating tripartite plant-soil-microbe interactions. This evolutionarily conserved structure significantly enhances plant environmental adaptability through multifaceted mechanisms involving: (i) root hair developmental plasticity, (ii) microbiome-mediated feedback loops, (iii) stress-responsive phenotypic adjustments, and (iv) host genetic regulatory networks. While emerging techniques like in visualization and ultrasonic separation have advanced the field, conceptual inconsistencies and methodological constraints (e.g., sampling disturbance) continue to limit comprehensive functional characterization. This review systematically synthesizes conceptual frameworks, extraction techniques, and methodological progress, with particular emphasis on elucidating its multifunctional roles: (i) regulating soil biogeochemical cycles through physical stabilization of soil aggregates and chemical promotion of organic carbon sequestration; (ii) serving as microbial hotspot mediating nutrient transformations; and (iii) functioning as stress-responsive organ via exudate-mediated signaling cascades. Future research should prioritize interdisciplinary approaches to decipher mechanistic links between rhizosheaths and global change scenarios, sustainable agriculture, ecosystem services, and microbial interactions, while developing sheath-enhanced plants for ecological adaptation, thereby bridging disciplinary gaps among microbial ecology, soil science, and plant physiology.