Under the background of ecological civilization construction, building an ecological security pattern of territorial space utilization is the bottom-line requirement for sustainable development. Taking the main urban area of Hangzhou as an example, based on the principle of “pattern-process” in landscape ecology, we analyze the evolution characteristics of territorial space utilization and its ecological response mechanism by using the landscape index method and remote sensing ecological index method. Based on the “network” model and the “overlay-maps” model, a multi-dimensional integrated and comprehensive ecological security pattern is constructed, and through the identification of spatial conflicts, strategies for optimizing the ecological spatial structure and differentiated control are proposed. The results show that: 1) the main urban area of Hangzhou is characterized by landscape fragmentation and decentralization, habitat quality continues to decline, and changes in habitat quality are highly correlated with the spatial transfer pattern of “cultivation to construction”; 2) there are 36 ecological sources in the study area, accounting for 26.41% of the total area of the study area, with obvious differences in spatial distribution and size; ecological buffer zones close to the ecological sources and with low resistance values are more effective in protecting the core area; 53 ecological corridors were identified, with a length of 366.14 meters, which are long in total but uneven in distribution; and 33 ecological strategic points were identified, with a concentrated distribution, which are the preferred reference points for ecological restoration; 3) a comprehensive ecological security pattern characterized by “baseline - buffer - ideal” has been established. Specifically, the baseline security pattern constitutes 31.01% of the total area, serving as the core zone for various ecological processes; the buffer security pattern accounts for 24.06% of the total area and functions as a protective zone for the baseline pattern; the ideal security pattern occupies 23.13% of the total area and represents the potential space for urban development; 4) in the identification of spatial conflicts, there are different degrees of conflicts between the ecological source area, the first-level buffer zone, the baseline security pattern and the current construction land, and the conflict types are divided into three categories: urban land type, agricultural settlements and infrastructure type; 5) construct the ecological spatial optimization structure of “one axis, one ring, three screens, four districts, six corridors and multiple points”, and divide six types of key zoning areas, as well as put forward the corresponding differentiated control strategies. The results of the study are intended to provide a reference for the structural guidance and control of national land spatial planning and its ecological space.