Abstract: In China, the continuous growth of industrial activities and vehicle emissions has led to a remarkable increase in tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations. This O3 pollution has emerged as a substantial threat to wheat production, which is a staple crop and a crucial part of the national food security framework. Simultaneously, with the aim of promoting sustainable agriculture and improving soil fertility, the practice of straw incorporation has been widely adopted across the country. Thus, clarifying how straw return influences the sensitivity of wheat to O3 pollution becomes of great significance for the long-term development of agriculture in our nation. This research made use of an open-air O3 enrichment platform (O3 - FACE). Lianmai 7, a prevalently cultivated local wheat cultivar well - adapted to the local environment, was carefully selected as the subject plant material. The experiment was meticulously designed with two distinct O3 concentration treatments: the ambient air (AA) treatment, which served as the control representing the normal environmental condition, and the elevated O? (E-O3) treatment, simulating the polluted environment with higher O3 levels. In each O3 treatment, two different straw management treatments were further incorporated: the conventional straw treatment (CT), following the common agricultural practice, and the full straw return (SR), which aimed to explore the effects of complete straw recycling. Throughout the different growth stages of wheat, including the seeding, booting, flowering, and grain filling stages, a series of key physiological parameters were precisely measured. These parameters included photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground biomass. The results showed a clear contrast. In comparison to the AA treatment, the E - O? treatment notably diminished stomatal conductance (gs) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD). This led to a significant decrease in the leaf photosynthetic rate (Asat) during the early and mid - grain filling stages, which are critical periods for grain development. Under the CT treatment, elevated O? not only reduced the leaf photosynthetic rate and LAI during the grain filling stage but also decreased the daily aboveground dry matter accumulation, ultimately resulting in a 22% reduction in aboveground biomass. When comparing the SR treatment with CT, it was found that the SR treatment significantly increased the SPAD of wheat leaves during the booting stage, indicating enhanced leaf health at this stage. However, from the booting stage to the flowering stage, the SR treatment significantly reduced gs, which in turn limited the leaf CO2 concentration and slightly reduced Asat. Despite this, straw return had no significant impact on LAI and aboveground biomass. Notably, while straw return decreased CO2 uptake, it also effectively reduced the stomatal O3 flux. This reduction alleviated the negative effects of O3 on Asat, gs, and SPAD during the grain filling stage. Under the SR treatment, elevated O3 did not significantly reduce aboveground biomass, effectively protecting wheat from O3 induced damage. In conclusion, these results clearly indicate that the full straw return of rice can significantly enhance the resistance of wheat to O3 pollution. This practice not only improves the soil quality in agricultural ecosystems but also strengthens the overall resilience of the agricultural system to air pollution, providing a sustainable approach for future wheat production in the context of a changing environment.