Vegetation is an important component of the surface ecosystem. The landscape has extensive and profound influences on vegetation. Exploring the relationship between landscape spatial differentiation and vegetation distribution has a crucial impact on the stability of the ecosystem. The distribution characteristics of vegetation can be classified into two major categories: zonal and non-zonal. Zonal distribution is mainly dominated by climatic conditions, while non-zonal distribution is more restricted by topography and landforms. Therefore, this paper aimed to deeply explore the intrinsic connection between landscape spatial differentiation and vegetation distribution, reviewed the origin and development process of the landscape, the classification system of landscape areas, and the classification system of landscape types, and systematically summarizes the influence of landscape spatial differentiation on the types of vegetation and changes in vegetation coverage. The results showed that topography and landforms not only affected natural factors such as temperature and precipitation but also generated interference to the ecological environment system through influencing human activities, indirectly acting on the changes in the spatial pattern of vegetation. Most studies at home and abroad focus on the response of vegetation distribution to topographic factors, while there were few studies on the influence of different landscape types on the spatial pattern of vegetation. Based on this, this paper proposed the control mechanism of landscape spatial differentiation on vegetation distribution and changes, pointed out the close relationship between vegetation distribution and landscape processes, topographic factors, climate and soil, and made a conceptual diagram of the influence of landscape spatial differentiation on the spatial distribution of vegetation, which was helpful for understanding the spatial pattern and changes of vegetation and had important reference value for evaluating and promoting the improvement of ecological environment conditions. At the same time, this paper summarized and analyzed the key technologies and research progress of current studies on the influence of landscape spatial differentiation on vegetation distribution, and discusses from the application of geographic information technology and spatial analysis methods, process models and statistical models. Finally, a more in-depth outlook should be presented from multiple dimensions such as the ecological application of the spatial differentiation of landforms on the distribution of vegetation. By exploring the distribution patterns and dynamic changes of vegetation under different landform configurations, precise guidance can be provided for vegetation restoration projects, thereby laying a solid scientific theoretical foundation for the sustainable development of the ecological environment during the vegetation restoration process, and helping to achieve the stability and balance of the ecosystem.