As an important part of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the development of rural areas in the Yangtze River Basin (Anhui Section) is facing many challenges: frequent natural disasters, deterioration of the ecological environment, economic and social transformation, population loss, economic and social decay, etc., and rural revitalization and sustainable rural development have become problems that need to be solved urgently. Based on the "Pressure-State-Response" (PSR) model, the scientific connotation and operating mechanism of rural resilience in the Yangtze River Basin (Anhui Section) were discussed. Rural resilience is defined as the ability of rural systems to adapt, recover and transform in the face of external disruptions. By constructing an evaluation index system for rural resilience, using the entropy method, spatial autocorrelation model, geographic detector and other methods to explore the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of rural resilience of 31 county-level units in the Anhui section of the Yangtze River Basin from 2011 to 2020, the results show that rural resilience generally shows an upward trend, and is positively correlated with factors such as economic strength, industrial structure and market size. Spatially, it presents a "gradient" distribution characteristics of "high in the northeast and low in the southwest". From 2011 to 2020, the spatial agglomeration characteristics of rural resilience level changed from weak to strong, indicating that the "polarization" phenomenon of rural resilience in the region became more and more obvious. The results of local autocorrelation measurement show that the "high-high" agglomeration area of rural resilience is mainly distributed around Hefei City and gradually expands, and the "low-low" agglomeration area is mainly distributed in the county area of Dabie Mountain area on the west side of the study area, and the rural resilience is distributed in a "block-like" manner and is relatively regular. This study emphasizes that the interaction between economic foundation and infrastructure construction has an important impact on the improvement of rural resilience, which is of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of the evolution mechanism of rural resilience in the Anhui section of the Yangtze River Basin, and provides theoretical support and policy suggestions for how to solve the problems faced by natural disasters and ecological environment deterioration in the Anhui section of the Yangtze River Basin. In the future, the interaction mechanism between urban and rural resilience should be further explored to achieve efficient allocation of resources and coordinated regional development.