The rapid development of the photovoltaic (PV)-dominated clean energy industry plays a critical role in achieving global carbon mitigation and climate targets. However, the upcoming large-scale decommissioning and disposal of PV modules has emerged as a significant challenge to the industry’s sustainable development. Recycling decommissioned PV modules is thus increasingly becoming a focal point in the renewable energy sector. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the current status and evolving trends of the PV module recycling industry, focusing on three key dimensions, including recycling technologies, impact assessments, and management strategies. Specifically, it (1) reviewed the state-of-the-art PV module recycling technologies and management frameworks, identifying key challenges and potential future directions; (2) synthesized research progress on potential pollutant emissions, ecological impacts, as well as the socioeconomic and environmental benefits associated with module recycling and reuse; and (3) identified key issues in current recycling systems, policy designs, and regulatory compliance, offering strategic recommendations for future research and the sustainable development of the industry. This study delivers valuable insights for promoting the life-cycle management of the PV industry, planning circular economy pathways, and shaping standards and policies, ultimately contributing to the sustainable development of the PV sector and resource recycling initiatives.