The large-scale constructions of photovoltaic power stations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau desert region may disturb the ecological environment, and its effects on vegetation communities and soil properties need to be studied. In order to explore the effects of photovoltaic power stations construction on vegetation communities and soil properties in the alpine desert area, this study selected photovoltaic power stations in different construction years (2013, 2016 and 2021) located in Talatan- one of the typical desert areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The vegetation attributes (species, height, coverage, above-ground biomass, plant community diversity index) and soil properties (organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, pH value, and size composition) of different habitats (between photovoltaic panels, under-panel and off-site controls) were compared. RDA redundancy analysis and Mantel test methods were used to explore the variations of vegetation attributes and soil properties under different photovoltaic power stations in alpine desert and its influencing mechanism. The results showed that: (1) In terms of different habitats, the number of vegetation species and plant community diversity index were the highest between photovoltaic panels, with Poa pratensis and Stipa capillata as the main specie, and the number of species under controls was the least. At the same time, the average height and aboveground biomass between photovoltaic panels were significantly higher than other habitats, and the contents of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were in the order of order of off-site> between photovoltaic panels > under-panel. (2) Compared with different construction years, the species richness and vegetation coverage in 2016 were the highest (47.29%), while the average height in 2021 was the highest. (3) From the perspective of time scale, the plant community diversity index increased first and then decreased with construction years, indicating that the vegetation management and protection of the power station construction was very important in the later stage. The content of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen increased with the increase of construction years, indicating that the soil quality would be gradually improved and restored after the construction of the power station. (4) RDA and Mantel test analysis showed that vegetation attributes and soil properties affected each other at different restoration stages. The relationship between vegetation attributes and soil properties was more closely related to habitats. The construction years of the power station had a significant impact on plant diversity. The disturbance to the environment caused by the construction of photovoltaic power station will affect the vegetation community and soil properties of the underlying surface. The height, aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen showed significant improvements with construction years. This study provides important theoretical basis and practical suggestions for the ecological environment management after the construction of photovoltaic power stations in alpine desert areas, especially in the aspects of vegetation restoration and soil remediation.