Acting as a conduit among plants, soil, and microorganisms, rhizodeposited carbon (C) is pivotal in mediating the transformation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in rhizosphere soil. Yet, the mechanisms by which rhizodeposited C influences soil nitrogen transformation are not well understood. In this context, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) served as the subject, with 13CO2 enrichment labeling conducted on the crown of the mother culm within a "one bamboo, one rhizome, one shoot" interconnected clonal system, investigating the impact of elevated rhizodeposited C on functional microbes associated with soil N transformation. The findings demonstrated that as rhizodeposited C increased, there was a corresponding rise in the abundance of functional genes among nitrifying and denitrifying microbes, with increases ranging from 131.7% to 639.7% and 79.2% to 174.3%, respectively, under the crown 13CO2 enrichment treatment. In addition, 13C abundance in rhizosphere soil and the abundance of functional genes of nitrification- and denitrification-related microorganisms under crown 13CO2 enrichment treatment showed a decreasing and then increasing trend at different stages of the rapid growth of Moso bamboo, and the effect of rhizodeposited C on soil N transformation-related microorganisms depended on the developmental stage. In addition, 13C abundance in rhizosphere soil and NH4+ content were important variables for predicting nitrification in the rhizosphere, meanwhile, DOC and NO3- were important variables for predicting denitrification in the rhizosphere. This study can provide a scientific reference for a deeper understanding of C and N transformations in plant rhizosphere microdomains.