In the context of global climate change, extreme droughts are causing serious damage to the structure and function of forest ecosystems, and understanding the ability of trees to respond to drought events is crucial to maintaining the stability of forest ecosystems. Ecological Stress Memory (ESM) is a key mechanism to help trees adapt to drought by adjusting their physiological and ecological properties to reduce the damage caused by drought and improve their adaptability. Therefore, the study of the changing pattern and driving factors of ESM can help to understand the effects of drought on tree growth and forest function. Larix gmelinii, a typical tree species of the boreal forest, as the research object, the sample plots located at the northern edge of the boreal forest were divided into three different drought stress level zones, namely, low, medium, and high, based on drought characteristics. The differences in individual tree resistance in different drought stress zones and the effects of growth rate and duration of drought on ESM in the same stress zones were comparatively analyzed, with a view to revealing the pattern of change in the ESM of Larix gmelinii and its driving factors. The results of the study showed that: (1) there are significant differences in the probability of ESM in Larix gmelinii under different stress zones, and ESM exists only in the medium and high stress zones, and with the increase of drought stress intensity, the probability of ESM in the sample plots rises, but the degree of resistance improvement decreases; (2) No ESM is observed in fast-growth grade, while ESM is only present in the medium-growth and slow-growth grade within medium and high stress zones. Both the probability of occurrence and the degree of increased resistance were higher for the medium-growth grade compared to the slow-growth grade. In addition, as the intensity of the stress zone increased, the probability of ESM was higher in the medium-growth class, but the degree of resistance increase decreased; the probability of ESM and the degree of resistance increase were lower in the slow-growth class. (3) The probability of ESM in Larix gmelinii was higher under continuous drought conditions than in a single year of drought. Therefore, ESM exists in Larix gmelinii and is affected by both the intensity of drought stress and the growth rate of the trees, and ESM is more likely to form in Larix gmelinii of the growth class in the medium stress zone under long-term drought disturbance.