Commercial afforestation and sustainable forestry are key strategies for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. However, detailed carbon (C) emission inventories and carbon footprints (CF) of China's forest products remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by developing a comprehensive life cycle inventory (LCI) and conducting a climate change impact assessment for short-rotation Eucalyptus plantations and Eucalyptus timber production systems in China's industrial timber forests and raw material forests. Using primary data from Eucalyptus forestry operations in state-owned forest farms of Guangxi, southern China, a new hectare-level (hm²) process-based LCI dataset was developed, covering stages from land preparation and seedling planting to log transportation and manufacturing. Incorporating the new LCI data into the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, the total carbon emissions (expressed as global warming potential, GWP) from Eucalyptus forests' resources during a four-year rotation period were estimated at 25338.74 kgCO₂e/hm², equivalent to 6334.69 kgCO₂e/a per hectare Eucalyptus plantation and 182.94 kgCO_e per cubic meter of Eucalyptus logs. Fertilizer application (67.11%; 17006.41 kgCO₂e/hm²) and energy consumption (28.22%; 7150.66 kgCO₂e/hm²) constituted the primary contributors to the total GWP. The findings highlight the significant emissions from artificial forest production and management processes. To effectively mitigate global environmental impact, optimizing fertilizer application and fuel utilization in forestry operations is imperative, as the emissions associated with artificial forest production and management constitute a significant concern in contemporary forestry practices. The results reveal that the management stages of Eucalyptus plantations, particularly fertilization and energy use, are the most significant sources of emissions. This study highlights that while the transportation of materials and logs contributes to emissions, its impact is relatively minor compared to that of fertilizer and energy use. Sensitivity analysis reveals that fertilizer application and diesel consumption are the most critical factors influencing the overall carbon footprint, indicating significant potential for emission reductions through targeted improvements in these areas. A comparative analysis of Eucalyptus timber production demonstrates that China's plantations exhibit a higher carbon footprint than those in other regions, primarily due to variations in management practices, rotation periods, and soil fertility conditions. The findings underscore the necessity of implementing more efficient fertilization strategies and transitioning to cleaner energy sources to mitigate the environmental impact of Eucalyptus forestry. This research contributes to the understanding of climate-related impacts in Chinese Eucalyptus plantation management, establishing a comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental performance of forestry operations. Furthermore, it provides practical recommendations for emission reduction through optimized resource utilization and sustainable management practices. This study reveals that the annual carbon cost of Eucalyptus plantation product systems in China is approximately 1.728 tC hm^-2 a^-1, with a corresponding net carbon gain of 3.562 tC hm^-2 a^-1. The carbon budget analysis reveals that China's Eucalyptus plantation management results in a net carbon sequestration of 19.47 Tg (1 Tg=1×10¹² g). This sequestration capacity effectively neutralizes 71.39 Tg of greenhouse gas emissions over the same period, highlighting its dual role as both a strategy for climate mitigation and an ecological asset.