The Loess Plateau is a huge potential organic carbon pool, and it is also an ecologically fragile area and exhibits sensitivity to climate change. Various types of droughts, which stem from the imbalance between water supply and demand, will have a profound and far-reaching impact on the steady enhancement of ecosystem carbon sinks. However, at present, the research regarding the repercussions of assorted types of droughts on the annual gross primary productivity (AGPP) in the Loess Plateau is is still in its infancy. In this research, the AGPP, soil moisture (SM) and climatic factors were employed to analyze the temporal dynamics of AGPP. Additionally, the interannual variations of AGPP in relation to SM, aridity index (AI) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) during the period from 2004 to 2020 in the Loess Plateau were explored.The results demonstrate that, over the past 20 years, the overall growth rate of AGPP has reached 38.30%, and the AGPP in the major vegetation restoration area has increased by 56.45%. The temporal trends of AI and SM exhibited a remarkable inclination to ascend, whereas the temporal trends of VPD did not display any significant directional alterations. The temporal correlation pattern between AGPP and SM, AI, as well as VPD suggested that soil drought preponderantly governed the interannual variation of AGPP, while the influence of atmospheric drought remained relatively inconspicuous in the Loess Plateau.The research outcomes will supply a theoretical and practical foundation for the construction of the regional ecological environment and the enhancement of the ecological carbon sink.