To scientifically measure the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of cultivated land system resilience within the context of agricultural green transformation, providing insights to ensure the sustainable and stable green production of regional cultivated land. Utilizing provincial panel data from 2007 to 2022, this study developed a multi-index evaluation framework to assess the resilience of China's cultivated land system under the agricultural green transformation. The Entropy method and exploratory spatial data analysis were applied to elucidate the spatio-temporal evolution of China's cultivated land system's resilience, while geographic detectors were employed to dissect the factors influencing regional disparities in this resilience. The results are as follows: 1) The resilience level of the national cultivated land system increased from 0.2158 in 2007 to 0.5592 in 2022, marking an average annual increase of 3.83%, indicative of a progressive enhancement; 2) The resilience of the national cultivated land system presents a ' northwest-northeast ' dual-zone radiation spatial pattern, and its pattern develops from dispersion to agglomeration; 3) Infrastructure elements like agricultural water pumps and drainage machinery significantly enhance cultivated land resilience, whereas factors such as pesticide use and rural population density exert a minimal influence on national cultivated land resilience; 4) The combined effect of rotation fallow scale and grain yield per unit area has the strongest explanatory power for the resilience of cultivated land system.