The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities is the cornerstone of global multilateral environmental governance, arising from the fundamental disparities in politics, economics, society and ecological governance between the global North and South. Taking the UNFCCC and the Biomass Convention as examples, this paper systematically analyzes the theoretical background, intrinsic logic, and evolutionary trend of the CBDR principle. It is found that the evolution logic of the CBDR principle is characterized by the multilevel diversification of national classifications, the autonomy of emission reduction and biodiversity conservation responsibilities, the precision of international support groups, and the collaboration of environmental governance, which are driven by changes in the political landscape, economic globalization and unbalanced development, growing awareness of global environmental action, and intensifying global environmental crises. Consequently, it will impose more pressure and responsibility on China's role in the framework of global multilateral environmental governance. Therefore, this paper suggests that China should enhance its international status and influence, actively implement its conventions, deepen South-South cooperation and promote coordinated governance of climate change and ecological protection, so as to actively adapt to the new trends in global multilateral environmental governance.