Different slope aspects and land use types can alter the soil environmental conditions, leading to changes in soil properties and enzymes, thereby impacting soil quality. However, in karst trough valley with complex habitats, the variations in soil physical and chemical properties, as well as enzyme activities under different slope aspects and land use types are more intricate. Therefore, this study focused on the Qingmuguan karst trough valley of Chongqing to investigate the characteristics of soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity under different slope aspects and land use types, aiming to explore the key factors influencing soil enzyme activity in this region. The results show that: (1) The total phosphorus (TP) is higher on the sunny slope compared to the shady slope, while the shady slope exhibits higher levels of organic matter (SOM), organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (TN) than the sunny slope. Moreover, both grassland and forest demonstrate higher soil natural moisture content (NC), SOM, SOC, and TN compared to other land use types. (2) The C: P and N: P ratios of grassland and forest surpassed those of abandoned land, corn fields, and pepper fields. The C: N ratio on the sunny slope exceeded that on the shady slope by 14.82%, while the C: P and N: P ratios were higher on the shady slope. Soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry indicated a greater availability of phosphorus in the sunny slope compared to the shady slope, despite a slower rate of organic matter decomposition. Phosphorus content is lower in abandoned land, corn fields, and grassland but demonstrates superior effectiveness. (3) The soil enzyme activities of protease (PA) and sucrase (SA) were significantly lower on the sunny slope compared to those on the shady slope (P<0.05). With the exception of acid phosphatase (AKP), the soil enzyme activities in the grassland on the sunny slope exceeded those in abandoned land, corn fields, pepper fields, and forest. Conversely, on the shady slope, it exhibits the highest level of soil enzyme activity among forest. (4) The soil enzyme activity on the sunny slope showed a significant negative correlation with the soil enzyme activity (P<0.05), contributing to 37.9%. Similarly, the soil enzyme activity on the shady slope exhibited a significant negative correlation with the soil enzyme activity (P<0.01), contributing to 52.7%. The results indicated that soil enzyme activity was affected by different soil properties on different slopes. In conclusion, the soil enzyme activity on shady slope surpasses that of sunny slope, with grassland and forest exhibiting higher levels compared to other land types. Therefore, in order to enhance the land quality of karst trough valley, natural restoration of grassland should be prioritized on sunny slope based on slope aspect and land use type differences, while increasing the forest on shady slope according to local conditions.