The serious threats to amphibians globally over recent decades have become critical scientific concerns within the realms of global biodiversity conservation and biogeographic studies. As keystone species and vital indicators of ecosystem health,amphibians play an essential role in regulating pest populations,facilitating nutrient cycling,and maintaining the stability of food chains. The decline in amphibian populations is not only a major biodiversity crisis but also a signal of broader ongoing ecological disruptions,making the conservation of amphibians paramount for preserving ecosystem functioning. The need for effective conservation strategies has reached an unprecedented level of urgency,making it essential to thoroughly understand the current status and underlying causes of amphibian decline in order to devise such strategies. This paper reviews and synthesizes the findings on amphibian population declines of the past few decades,offering a comprehensive view of the advancements in amphibian decline research,focusing on two dimensions: the status and the etiology. Amphibian species worldwide are experiencing a severe decline,attributed to a multitude of complex factors. Our comprehension of these factors is continually expanding. The main factors include habitat loss and modification,climate change,UV-B radiation,chytridiomycosis,chemical pollution,the introduction of alien species,over-exploitation and species traits. Among these,habitat loss is identified as the underlying and paramount threat. Furthermore,climate change poses an intensifying threat to amphibians,aggravating their survival challenges. In light of the current status of amphibian conservation in China,several protective recommendations are proposed to mitigate the decline of amphibian populations,including: (1) strengthening the construction of amphibian monitoring networks; (2) optimizing the design of amphibian conservation areas; (3) enhancing law enforcement and supervision to effectively combat illegal activities threatening amphibians. Additionally,there is still significant room for further research in the study of amphibian decline due to the complexity and uncertainty of human activities,climate change,and diseases. Given the existing gaps in research on amphibian decline,the paper proposes future directions,particularly the application of emerging technologies,such as artificial intelligence and remote sensing,to monitor amphibian populations more effectively and identify potential threats in real time. Cross-disciplinary collaboration between fields such as geography,data science,and ecology will be vital for developing innovative strategies that can address the multifaceted challenges facing amphibian conservation. Ongoing and continuous research and monitoring efforts are vital to understanding and mitigating the causes of amphibian decline,ensuring that effective conservation strategies are in place to protect these critical species. These efforts will contribute to better understanding and responding to this global issue.