Iron and aluminum minerals influence the stability and sequestration of soil organic carbon. To assess the effects of various forms of iron and aluminum mineral complexes on the accumulation and stability of organic carbon in peatlands across varying water levels, this study focused on three peatlands in Hongyuan County with distinct water levels: peat swamp (S1,-1.9cm), swamp meadow (S2, -10cm), and alpine meadow (S3, -19cm). The carbon and iron-aluminum contents within crystalline metal oxides (DH), short-range ordered minerals (HH), and organometallic complexes (PP) in the peatlands were ascertained using the selective extraction method. The results showed that the carbon contents extracted by the different extractants and their proportions relative to the total organic carbon followed the sequence PP > DH > HH in each peatland. The total carbon bound to iron-aluminum and the carbon content extracted by PP peaked in S3 and reached the minimum in S1, with this notable difference primarily evident in the topsoil. The contents of the extracted metals (Al+Fe) in each peatland were in the order of PP > DH > HH, and the C/M ratios were all greater than 1. This finding indicated that iron and aluminum minerals primarily interacted with soil organic carbon through coprecipitation and complexation, forming organometallic complexes that dominated soil organic carbon accumulation in peatlands. This effect was most pronounced in the surface and subsurface soil layers. In contrast, the interaction and accumulation effects of crystalline iron-aluminum minerals and short-range ordered iron-aluminum minerals with soil organic carbon were relatively weak. This difference was particularly evident in the surface and subsurface soils of S3, where organometallic complexes played a more significant role in soil organic carbon stabilization and accumulation. The correlation analysis revealed that the accumulation of organic carbon in S1 was influenced by the interactions among crystalline iron-aluminum minerals, organic carbon, and organometallic complexes; the accumulation in S2 was solely influenced by organometallic complexes; and iron-aluminum minerals exerted no decisive impact on the organic carbon accumulation in S3. It can be seen that different water levels in peatlands had significant impacts on the combination modes of minerals and organic carbon and the distribution of organic carbon, and the increase in the content of organometallic complexes drived the stabilization and accumulation of organic carbon in peatlands to a certain extent. Given the critical role of peatlands in the global carbon cycle, this conclusion is essential for understanding how mineral-organic interactions respond to water level fluctuations and for predicting carbon storage dynamics in wetland ecosystems.