Against the backdrop of rapid social and economic development in China, drastic land use transitions have increasingly occurred. These transitions, driven by the dynamic reconfiguration of limited to land resources in terms of both quantity and spatial distribution, have profoundly altered the structure, function, and processes of regional ecosystems. Consequently, they have had dual impacts on the regional eco-environment, either improving or deteriorating it. Therefore, exploring the intricate relationship between land use transitions and eco-environment response hold significant research importance for enhancing the regional eco-environment. This study measured the overall perspective of 2000 to 2020 land use transition to analyzes the relationship between land use transition and eco-environment response, and a local perspective of land use transition to explore the difference of similar impact on the eco-environment in the Jiangsu Province. This study takes the production-living-ecological function in the land use function as the study breakthrough points and based on the "Structure-Function-Stress" assessment framework for the eco-environmental quality, using land use raster data from 2000,2010 and 2020 as the research data. The results showed that: (1) from 2000 to 2020, the land area change in Jiangsu province showed the trend of the living land and ecological land area increasing, and the production land area decreased, among which, the living land area increased by 6974.57 km², the ecological land area increased by 1884.28 km², and the production land area decreased by 7403.05 km². (2) The overall eco-environmental quality index in Jiangsu Province is generally stable, but it shows a trend of small decline in time. Spatially, there is a general distribution pattern characterized by " higher in the central areas and lower in the northern and southern regions ". (3) From the overall perspective, the land use transition exerts dual impacts on eco-environment quality. Specifically, the transition of agricultural production land to water ecological land enhances regional eco-environment quality. Conversely, the conversion of agricultural production land to urban living land results in the degradation of the regional eco-environment. (4) From a local perspective, the ecological impacts of similar land use transitions vary. Such transitions can either lead to the deterioration of eco-environmental quality or promote its improvement. A typical example is the expansion of agricultural land put into production areas. This study will provide practical regional case references for the sustainable use of land resources, the improvement of eco-environmental quality and the optimization of territorial spatial pattern in rapidly urbanizing areas.