In the context of carbon neutrality goal, clarifying the equity of provincial energy-related carbon emissions has important reference value for enhancing the synergy of provincial carbon reduction and sink enhancement. This paper expanded the connotation of regional carbon emission equity, constructed evaluation indicators from three aspects including ecological space occupation, economic output and population size, revealed the spatio-temporal changes in energy-related carbon emission equity in Chinese provinces, and analyzed the inherent coupling coordination relationship of energy-related carbon emission equity based on the coupling coordination degree model. The results showed that: (1) The pressure level of energy-related carbon emissions in Chinese provinces showed a spatial pattern of high in the east and low in the west, and showed an increasing trend over time while the growth rate of more than 2/3 provinces slowed down over time. (2) There was a trade-off relationship between the ecological, economic, and social dimensions of energy-related carbon emission equity, while there was a synergistic relationship between the economic and social dimensions. Among them, the ecological carrying contribution of energy-related carbon emissions decreased from west to east, while both the economic contribution and the population support contribution of energy-related carbon emissions decreased from south to north, and the inter-provincial pattern remained relatively stable. (3) The coupling coordination degree of energy-related carbon emission equity among ecological, economic and social systems was mainly in an uncoordinated state. The uncoordinated provinces were mainly located in the eastern and central regions, while the coordination degree of the coordinated provinces was relatively low, mainly in the western and southwestern regions. Moreover, the overall coupling coordination degree of energy-related carbon emission equity showed a decreasing trend over time. China's energy-related carbon emissions have potential for inter-provincial cooperation in areas such as ecological carrying capacity, production efficiency and population support. Policies should be implemented based on the zoning and classification in accordance with these characteristics to achieve complementary advantages and enhance the synergy of carbon reduction and sink enhancement.