Cinnamomum chekiangense has high economic value, yet its wild resources are limited. Based on the survey data of a 2 hm2 fixed plot, we analyzed the community characteristics, static life table, survival curve, quantity dynamic index, and time series model to reveal the population structure and dynamics of Cinnamomum chekiangense in Guniujiang National Nature Reserve, Anhui Province, China. The results showed that: (1) In total, 198 species (161 woody species) were recorded in fixed plot, belonging to 54 families and 96 genera. There were 122 species and 7387 plants of trees, belonging to 46 families and 78 genera. The families with more than 5 species included Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Rhododendroaceae, Rosaceae, Symplocaceae, and Pentagraceae. 93 species were shrubs, belonging to 39 families and 62 genera, and 37 species were herbs, belonging to 29 genera and 20 families. (2) Trees with important values exceeding 10% included Castanopsis?eyrei (22.42%) and Cinnamomum subavenium (11.1%), shrub dominant species included Cinnamomum subavenium (17.14%) and Camellia?cuspidata (17.1%), and herbaceous plants included Liriope?graminifolia (13.92%), Arachniodes?aristata (13.59%), Dryopteris?fuscipes (11.63%) and Ophiopogon?bodinieri (11.22%). In trees, Castanopsis eyrei was a constructive species, with its age class mainly composed of aged (V-class) trees, accounting for 78.92% of the total; other dominant species included Cinnamomum subavenium, Rhododendron ovatum, and Neolitsea aurata, which were primarily young (I and II classes) trees, accounting for more than 90% of their respective totals; (3) The population dynamics of Cinnamomum chekiangense were all ≥ 0. When external interference was ignored, the value of was greater than 0.50, and when external interference was considered, the value was 0.0257, indicating that its population as a whole belongs to the growth type. The maximum value of random interference () in the population was 0.037, indicating its population was high sensitivity to external interference and poor adaptability to environmental changes. The age structure of the community of Cinnamomum chekiangense exhibited an inverted “J” shape, with young individuals making up 85.15% of the total; but the loss rate of seedlings into adults was high; (4) The time series prediction analysis displayed a trend towards an increasing number of individuals in the Cinnamomum chekiangense population in future. Based on these results, we proposed to prioritize in situ conservation, supplemented by precise nurturing and management of young plants, to promote the recovery of the Cinnamomum chekiangense population.