Soil erosion resistance is an important index to reflect soil quality. We aim to investigate the differences in soil erosion resistance and their influencing factors of cultivated land protected by poplar shelterbelts at different locations in typical black soil areas, providing scientific references for the evaluation of cultivated land degradation and poplar soil and water conservation benefits in black soil areas. The study focuses on the soil of slope farmland protected by poplar shelterbelts in a typical black soil region, comparing it with unprotected slope farmland. Soil samples were collected from Liaoyuan City, Bin County, and Keshan County within the black soil region, and their physicochemical properties and soil erosion resistance characteristics were measured. In order to compare the differences in physicochemical properties and soil erosion resistance between cultivated land with and without shelterbelts at different locations, the study further clarifies the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and soil erosion resistance. The results show that compared to cultivated land without shelterbelt protection, the soil erosion resistance of cultivated land with shelterbelt protection is enhanced. The soil dispersion rate ranges from 46.27% to 73.12%, and the content of water-stable aggregates larger than 0.25 mm (R_0.25) ranges from 14.02% to 37.49%. The soil dispersion rate of farmland under the shelterbelt is significantly lower than that of farmland without shelterbelt, and the R_0.25 is significantly higher than that of farmland without a shelterbelt (P < 0.05). However, there is no significant difference in the soil erosion resistance index between farmland with and without a shelterbelt (P > 0.05). There are significant differences in the physicochemical properties and soil erosion resistance of cultivated land among different locations (P < 0.05). With the increase in latitude, the soil erosion resistance of cultivated land protected by poplar shelterbelts for soil and water conservation is enhanced. The results of redundancy analysis showed that the soil erosion resistance index was significantly correlated with annual precipitation, annual average temperature, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus content; the soil dispersion rate was significantly correlated with annual precipitation, annual average temperature, and total porosity; and R_0.25 was significantly correlated with annual precipitation, annual average temperature, total porosity, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus (P < 0.05). Through the application of principal component analysis to screen 10 soil factors, it can be seen that soil bulk density (factor loading of -0.689), saturated water content (0.684), total porosity (0.689), organic matter (0.649), total nitrogen (0.676), total phosphorus (0.619), and soil erosion resistance index (0.64) are the key indicators for evaluating the soil erosion resistance of cultivated land under poplar shelterbelts in black soil areas. After the protection of cultivated land in black soil areas by shelterbelts, the soil erosion resistance has been significantly improved, and with the increase in latitude, the soil erosion resistance of cultivated land under the protection of poplar shelterbelts has been enhanced.