The ecological interaction between human and nature along the railway is important. The continuous extension of the railway has changed the natural environment of non-human species and had a significant impact on their acoustic environment. Considering the strong characteristics of railway noise and the characteristics of topography and geomorphology, a prediction model of railway train noise propagation was established to analyze the propagation law, influence range and spectrum distribution characteristics of railway noise along the railway based on the CadnaA noise simulation platform. Based on the theory of masking effect and the critical ratio, the masking degree of railway noise on the propagation of bird acoustic signals was studied, and a calculation model of bird communication distance was constructed under the influence of multiple factors. The maximum propagation distance of four auditory behaviors of bird detection, discrimination, recognition and comfortable communication was calculated and analyzed. The calculation results showed that the railway noise affected the propagation of bird acoustic signals to a large extent, and the propagation distance of various auditory behaviors of birds decreased significantly. The relevant results can provide guidance and reference for the ecological impact of railway engineering, bioacoustics research and environmental protection design.