In order to analyze the difference in the response of radial growth between spruces and firs at different altitudes to climate change in the central Hengduan Mountains on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, a total of 154 Picea likiangensis and Abies georgei tree cores were collected from Kangding, Ganzi Prefecture, at altitudes of 3,200 m (low altitude), 3,500 m (middle altitude), and 4,000 m (high altitude, at the timberline), and the chronologies of the different altitudes and species were set up, and correlation analyses were carried out based on the monthly meteorological data. The results showed that the chronology of Picea likiangensis at low elevation site was significantly and positively correlated with the maximum temperature in November of the previous year, while the chronology of Abies georgei at low elevation site was significantly and positively correlated with the precipitation in May, and significantly and positively correlated with the Palmer Drought Index from October of the previous year to May of the current year; the chronology of Picea likiangensis at mid-elevation site was significantly and positively correlated with the maximum temperature in September of the previous year, and the chronology of Abies georgei at mid-elevation site was significantly and positively correlated with the mean and minimum temperature in May; the chronology of Picea likiangensis at high elevation site was significantly and positively correlated with the mean and minimum temperature in May and negatively correlated with the mean temperature in October of the previous year; and the chronology of Abies georgei at high elevation site was significantly and positively correlated with the mean and the maximum temperature in January. The results have indicated that the low-elevation spruces were less affected by climate warming, while low-elevation firs were severely suppressed by winter and spring drought stress and temperature was the main factor limiting the radial growth of middle and high elevation spruces and firs. The results of the study can provide the support for the tree growth-climate relationship and ecological security in the region.