辽河流域稻蟹共作系统主要蜘蛛生态位
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辽宁省农业重大专项(2022JH1/10200003);辽宁省应用基础研究计划(2022JH2/101300161);辽宁省自然科学基金面上项目(2022-MS-063)


Ecological niche of main spiders in rice-crab co-culture system in Liaohe River Basin
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    摘要:

    稻蟹共作是利用种间互利共生、食物链、生态位等理论,有效地将水稻生产和水产养殖相结合的稻田综合种养模式,对推动农业生态发展具有重要意义。蜘蛛是稻田重要的捕食性天敌,为探明稻蟹共作系统中主要蜘蛛生态位特征,在时间、空间维度上对常规稻田和稻蟹共作田中主要蜘蛛种类、数量进行调查,并采用生态位理论方法,系统地分析了主要蜘蛛生态位宽度和重叠特征,结果表明:(1)两处理稻田共调查蜘蛛892头,隶属于10科共30种,其中稻蟹田蜘蛛占比57.96%,比常规田多15.92%;狼蛛、皿蛛、肖蛸在两处理田中数量均居前列,其中,狼蛛数量最多,每调查点分别为(18.60±1.17)头(常规田)、(26.00±2.39)头(稻蟹田);两处理田中的逍遥蛛和漏斗蛛数量较少。(2)时间维度上,稻蟹共作系统中狼蛛、皿蛛、跳蛛生态位宽度增加,肖蛸生态位宽度减小;空间维度上,稻蟹共作系统中狼蛛、皿蛛、肖蛸生态位宽度增加,管巢蛛生态位宽度减小;时空二维角度,稻蟹共作系统中狼蛛、皿蛛生态位宽度增加,增幅分别为49.64%和47.49%,管巢蛛生态位宽度下降,降幅为25.04%。(3)稻蟹共作系统蜘蛛时空二维生态位重叠指数和相似性比例指数多数表现为增大或持平,仅管巢蛛与园蛛、肖蛸的指数下降。研究首次探讨分析了稻蟹共作系统主要蜘蛛生态位特征,稻蟹共作通过影响蜘蛛在稻田环境中的活动强度、分布格局与数量结构,不同程度地改变了蜘蛛时间、空间生态位及其重叠和相似性特征,当竞争加剧时,蜘蛛将增大对较多资源序列利用的程度,从而更好地发挥控虫能力。

    Abstract:

    Rice-crab co-culture(RC) is an integrated cropping-culture pattern that combines rice and aquaculture production by using the theories of interspecific mutualism, food chain, and ecological niche, it is important for advancing the development of agro-ecology. Spiders are important predatory natural enemies in rice fields, to find out the environmental niche characteristics of major spiders in RC system, this study investigated the species and quantity of major spiders in the conventional rice fields and rice-crab co-culture fields on temporal and spatial scales and analyzed the niche width and overlap of spiders by using the niche theory. The results showed that: (1) 892 spiders belonging to 30 species of 10 families were investigated in the rice fields. The proportion of spiders in RC fields was 57.96%, 15.92% more than in conventional rice fields. The numbers of Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, and Tetragnathidae in the two treated fields ranked in the top three, and the number of Lycosidae was the highest, with 18.60±1.17 (the conventional rice fields) and 26.00±2.39 (RC rice fields), respectively. (2) In the temporal dimension, the niche width of Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, and Salticidae increased, while that of Tetragnathidae decreased in the RC system. In the spatial dimension, the niche width of Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, and Tetragnathidae increased, while those of Clubionidae decreased in the RC system. From the perspective of temporal-spatial dimensions, the niche width of Lycosidae and Linyphiidae increased significantly by 49.64% and 47.49%, respectively, while that of Clubionidae decreased by 25.04%. (3) The temporal-spatial niche overlap index and niche proportional similarity index of most spiders increased or remained the same in the RC system, however, the index of Clubionidae to Araneidae and Clubionidae to Tetragnathidae decreased. In this study, we first analyzed the ecological niche characteristics of major spiders in the rice-crab cropping system. Rice-crab co-cropping changed the spatial and temporal environmental niches, overlapping ecological niches, and similar ecological niches of spiders to varying degrees by affecting the intensity of spider activity, distribution pattern, and population structure in the paddy field environment. When competition intensified, spiders increased the utilization of more resource sequences to improve insect control. Rice-crab co-culture not only increased the number of spiders, but also changed the degree of spiders' utilization of temporal and spatial resources, resulting in a higher level of resource utilization, a more even distribution, and a longer period of occurrence, and facilitating spiders to perform their pest control role better. This study provides basic data for the study of spider ecological niche in rice-crab fields.

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马晓慧,于亚辉,郭莉,邢亚楠,冯晨,车喜庆,刘郁,桑海旭.辽河流域稻蟹共作系统主要蜘蛛生态位.生态学报,2024,44(20):9242~9251

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