We analyzed the age structure characteristics of artificial H. ammodendron populations at different groundwater depths (GW1, GW2, GW3) in the transitional zone of desert oasis in Junggar Basin, to reveal the current status of population survival and predict the trend of population development, with a view to providing theoretical basis for the management and restoration of H. ammodendron populations in the transitional zone of desert oasis. The study analyzed the population structure based on the static life tables and survival curves, and predicted the future trend of the population after 2, 4 and 6 age classes by using the time series model. The results showed that: (1) The age structure of the three H. ammodendron populations were pyramidal, and all of them were growth populations, with GW1 population having the greatest growth potential, with the proportion of young forests reaching 73%; (2) The survival curves of the three populations converged to Deevey-II type, with the mortality rate of the populations at all ages being relatively stable, and the lowering of the groundwater restricted the growth of seedlings, which led to the emergence of the phenomenon of self-thinning of the populations ahead of schedule. (3) All three populations are growth-type populations that are susceptible to disturbance, and the number of young forests can basically replenish the deficit caused by the mortality of individuals in the middle and old age classes. For populations with limited water replenishment, the emergence of small old trees with large age and small tree heights, scarce seedlings, and the early entry of the population into the decline period should be paid attention to, and the need to strengthen the precise nurturing and management of senescent individuals should be strengthened.