This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the age structure characteristics of artificial Haloxylon ammodendron (hereafter H. ammodendron) populations with different groundwater depths (GW1=4.78 m, GW2=9.39 m, and GW3=11.76 m) in the desert-oasis transition zone of the Junggar Basin. The objective is to reveal the current survival status of the populations, predict their development trends, and provide theoretical support for the management and restoration of Haloxylon ammodendron populations in the desert-oasis transition zone. Based on static life tables and survival curves, the population structure was analyzed, and the future trends of the population after 2, 4, and 6 age classes were predicted using time series models. The results showed that: (1) The age structure of the three H. ammodendron populations exhibited a pyramidal shape, indicating growth-type populations. Among them, the GW1 population had the greatest growth potential with a juvenile forest proportion of 73%. (2) The survival curves of the three populations converged to Deevey-II type, indicating relatively stable morality rates across different age groups. The decrease in groundwater level limited the growth of seedlings, leading to the premature occurrence of self-thinning in the population. (3) All three populations were growth-type populations susceptible to disturbance, and the number of young forests could basically replenish the deficit caused by the death of middle-aged and old-aged individuals. Attention should be paid to the phenomenon of small and senescent trees with old age and small height, sparse seedlings, and premature entry into the decline phase in populations with limited water replenishment. It is necessary to strengthen precise care and management of aging individuals.