Conservation tillage with residue covered has become one of the effective measures to increase organic carbon in black soil. With global warming, the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC) increases. Whether residue covered can make up for the amount of organic carbon lost due to mineralization, and the optimal amount of residue return need to be answered. It is well documented that organic carbon fractions, compared to total SOC, can better characterize the effects of agricultural management measures and climate change on SOC turnover and stability. It is of great significance for predicting SOC storage in black soil of Northeast China after global warming. Based on the Open Top Chamber (OTC) field in-situ experiment, this study analyzed the changes in SOC and its fractions under warming and amounts of residue returning to the field. The SOC fractions include dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC). The results showed that warming had no significant effect on SOC content, significantly decreased the contents of DOC and POC, and significantly increased the contents of MBC and MAOC, while the change of POC fraction was greater than that of MAOC; The amount of residue returning to the field had no significant effect on SOC and MAOC content, and POC content decreased after residue mulching, but there was no significant difference between amounts of residue return. After warming, the addition of maize residue had no significant effect on SOC content, but increased MBC content and decreased DOC content, MAOC content increased at 30%, and POC content increased with the increase of amounts of residue return. The explanation of SOC by warming was as high as 12.8%, and warming was also the main explanation factor of each fraction. Warming mainly changed SOC content by affecting POC from different amounts of residue return, and explained 39.9% POC variation. Consequently, in the short-term environmental changes SOC and its fractions were mainly affected by warming, and POC, as a more sensitive fraction to the environment, had a greater impact on the change of SOC.