Investigating the dynamic evolution and influencing factors of rural resilience under the background of rural revitalization is of paramount significance for promoting comprehensive rural revitalization and achieving sustainable development in impoverished mountainous regions. The Qinling Daba Mountains in southern Shaanxi are subjected to dual pressures from fragile ecological environments and weak economic foundations, leading to uncertainties in the development of poverty-alleviation villages and rural livelihoods.Selecting the 28 counties and districts in the southern Shaanxi Qinling Daba Mountains, the rural resilience is dissected into four dimensions: economic, social, ecological, and institutional. A rural resilience index system is constructed and quantified, and GIS technology and geographic detectors are employed to explore the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of rural resilience. The results reveal: (1) From 2010 to 2021, the overall trend of rural resilience in the southern Shaanxi Qinling Daba Mountains shows an initial decline followed by subsequent improvement. While social resilience and economic resilience exhibit minor changes, institutional resilience shows an annual increase, whereas ecological resilience demonstrates a gradual decline. (2) Over the past decade, factors such as land resource utilization and cultural education have emerged as the dominant factors driving the differentiation of rural resilience. Additionally, constraints have shifted from the ecological dimension to the social dimension, with the impact of rural basic education and agricultural production efficiency continuously deepening, while the roles of land use and population structure have been diminishing. (3) Based on the real issues faced by the study area under the backdrop of rural revitalization, strategies and pathways for enhancing rural resilience in various counties and districts are proposed. These strategies stem from five aspects of revitalization: industry, talent, organization, culture, and ecology. Specifically, in terms of rural industrial revitalization, efforts should focus on fostering emerging industrial clusters and upgrading agricultural modernization. In terms of rural talent revitalization, initiatives should include supporting rural employment for farmers and attracting talent back to rural areas through policy incentives. Regarding rural cultural revitalization, advancing the construction of new educational infrastructure and establishing feedback mechanisms for cultural needs of rural residents are essential. In terms of rural ecological revitalization, optimizing agricultural production structure and regional layout, as well as revitalizing cultivated land resources to promote green production, are imperative. Lastly, in terms of rural organizational revitalization, exploring diverse organizational collaborations and comprehensively establishing sound village oversight committees are essential measures. These suggestions provide a reference basis for future efforts in enhancing resilience in poverty-alleviation areas.